ATTENUATION OF ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE IN DIABETIC MICE: NITRIC OXIDE OR INTERLEUKIN-2

Objective: The present study was designed to explore the mechanistic role of interleukin-2 in diabetes-induced decrease in the antinociceptive effect of morphine in mice. Role of interleukin-2 was investigated by employing cyclosporin, a interleukin-2 synthesis inhibitor. Methods: Diabetes was induced in mice by single intra peritoneal injection of Streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i. p.). Nociceptive threshold in diabetic mice was measured by Rodent tail-flick test. Nitrite levels in the urine of mice were estimated by employing Greiss reagent. Results: A significant decrease in antinociceptive effect of morphine was observed in mice. Administration of cyclosporin (20 mg/kg, s. c., b. d.) in diabetic mice significantly increased antinociceptive effect of morphine in diabetic mice. However, administration of cyclosporin (20 mg/kg, s. c., b. d.) failed to significantly change the increased nitrite levels in diabetic mice.Conclusion: The present study indicates that interleukin-2 may be responsible for decrease in antinociceptive effect of cyclosporine. The study also indicates that the increase in levels of interleukin-2 is independent of an increase in nitrite levels. It may, therefore, be concluded that nitric oxide has no role in nociceptive changes made by interekin-2 in diabetic mice. Â

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS: NAVIGATING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly pivotal in shaping the landscape of intellectual property (IP) rights. This paper explores the multifaceted role of AI, particularly how it serves as both a facilitator and a disruptor within IP frameworks. AI technologies enhance the capability to manage and protect IP assets by improving tracking mechanisms for infringement and copyright issues, thus allowing for more efficient enforcement and compliance strategies. Additionally, AI can aid in the innovation process by providing tools for patent searches, neural patent translations, and automated identification of potential IP conflicts. However, the integration of AI into IP also raises significant challenges regarding ownership rights, originality, and the extent of protection afforded to AI-generated creations. The evolving dialogue around these issues emphasizes the urgent need for adaptive legal frameworks that can accommodate the rapid advancements in AI technology while safeguarding the rights of creators and innovators. Consequently, the implications of AI in IP rights necessitate continuous research and policy development to balance innovation with protection, ensuring that both economic growth and ethical considerations are addressed in the ongoing evolution of intellectual property law

A NOVEL NON–RECEPTOR AND NON- GABAERGIC ANTIANXIETY-LIKE ACTIVITY OF FORSKOLIN: SYNERGY WITH DIAZEPAM

Objective: Clinical problems associated with the benzodiazepines like dependence, withdrawal or tolerance may lead to under use of substances based on gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA). Non-GABAergic and substances that elevate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) have shown anti-anxiety activity. Therefore, present investigation aimed to explore a non-GABAergic mechanism and non-receptor mediated anti-anxiety activity of a cAMP elevating agent, forskolin.Methods: Elevated plus maze and light/dark box were employed to measure effect of forskolin on anxiety and the noted activity was compared with that of diazepam. cAMP levels were also measured in plasma of mice.Results: Forskolin produced a significant antianxiety- like activity in unstressed mice and stressed mice. Diazepam produced a significant antianxiety- like activity in unstressed mice but not in stressed mice. The noted antianxiety activity of forskolin was accompanied by a significant elevation of cAMP levels.Conclusions: The present findings contribute to suggest a non– receptor mediated anti-anxiety action of a forskolin, acting through cAMP elevation, thus avoiding receptor-mediated adverse effect profile of the conventional anxiolytics.Â

Development of a fast-acting nanosuspension nasal drop using a novel co-processed polymer for migraine relief

Background: Effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier. Nasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive alternative, ensuring rapid drug absorption and onset of action. Prochlorperazine Maleate, a drug for migraines, suffers from poor solubility, limiting its therapeutic potential. Methodology: A nanosuspension-based nasal drop was developed and optimized using high-pressure homogenization. A novel co-processed polymer enhances solubility and stability. Key formulation parameters, including particle size, zeta potential, and polymer concentration, were optimized using a central composite design. The optimized nanosuspension was characterized for its physicochemical properties, drug release, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (Batch F9) exhibited a particle size of 78.8 nm and a high drug release rate (93.87% in 8 hours). Stability studies confirmed no significant changes in drug content, pH, or osmolality over a three-month period. The nasal drop provided consistent dosing, with each actuation delivering a precise amount of drug content. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release pattern, enabling prolonged migraine relief. Conclusion: The developed nanosuspension nasal drop presents a promising solution for CNS drug delivery, ensuring rapid and sustained therapeutic outcomes. This nanosuspension nasal drop achieved a 5.6-fold enhancement in solubility and demonstrated rapid onset within 10 minutes post-administration. Although promising, the study is limited to in vitro characterization; future research should explore in vivo efficacy and long-term safety

Farmacología de productos naturales: un enfoque reciente en Calotropis gigantea y Calotropis procera

The authors are thankful to the Dr. Ritu Gilhotra, Principal, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyanvihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. For valuable guidanceIntroduction: Since ancient times, people have used medicinal plants to treat varied diseases. Medicinal plants are the important source of drugs, and many of them that are currently available in the pharmaceutical market are obtained from plant sources. Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera are small shrub, which are used conventionally to treat many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and intestinal disease in African and Asian countries. There have been always an increased focus on primary health care: basic health care which is effective and affordable by developing countries. Objective: This paper aims to review the pharmacological and pharmacognostical features of Calotropis gigantea and Calotropis procera Method: Brief review on recent literature carried out using Scopus, Google scholar. Result and Discussion: Several studies provide evidence of their antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anticonvulsant, anti-malarial, hepatoprotective, antitumor, antimicrobial and antinociceptive properties. Conclusion: Species of Calotropis not widely recognized showed different pharmacological actions, due to the presence of effective secondary metabolites.Introducción: Desde la antigüedad, las personas han utilizado plantas medicinales para tratar diversas enfermedades. Las plantas medicinales son la fuente importante de los fármacos, y muchas de ellas, que están actualmente disponibles en el mercado farmacéutico, se obtienen de fuentes vegetales. Calotropis gigantea y Calotropis procera son arbustos pequeños que se utilizan convencionalmente para tratar muchas enfermedades como el cáncer, la diabetes y las enfermedades intestinales en países africanos y asiáticos. Siempre se ha prestado una mayor atención a la Atención Primaria de salud: la atención básica de la salud es eficaz y asequible para los países en desarrollo. Objetivos: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revisar las características farmacológicas y farmacognosóticas de Calotropis gigantea y Calotropis procera. Método: Breve revisión de la literatura reciente realizada utilizando Scopus, Google scholar. Resultado y discusión: Varios estudios proporcionan evidencia de sus propiedades antioxidantes, analgésicas, antiinflamatorias, antidiarreicas, anticonvulsivas, antipalúdicas, hepatoprotectoras, antitumorales, antimicrobianas y anti-nociceptivas. Conclusión: Especies de Calotropis no ampliamente reconocido mostraron diferentes acciones farmacológicas, debido a la presencia de metabolitos secundarios efectivos

Evaluation of Polyherbal Anticancer Tablets: A Review

Cancer is a malignant abnormal growth of cells, one of the most dreaded and complex diseases. It concerns with several tempo spatial changes in cell composition, which finally lead to neoplasia. Various types of cancers have been reported. Chemotherapy, radiation, and/or surgery may cure them. Herbal remedies are supposed to be harmless as they cause fewer complications and are less likely to habitual. Antioxidant compositions of therapeutic plants show the anticancer activity and therefore, use of different proportions of the active components to formulate various standardized preparation with single or multiple components for their synergistic effects play a crucial role in curing cancer. Evaluation parameters to assess the in vitro anticancer activity includes Caspase-3, Caspase-9, alamar blue, LDH assay, XTT assay, sulforhodamine-B assay, MTT assay, DNA fragmentation assay, neutral red uptake cytotoxic assay, tryphan blue assay. Evaluation of dried extract or granules includes bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, angle of repose while the tablets evaluated by drug-excipient compatibility study by FT-IR, stability studies, hardness, thickness, weight variation, friability, disintegration time and dissolution test

Composite HPMC and sodium alginate based buccal formulations for nicotine replacement therapy

Smoking cessation is of current topical interest due to the significant negative health and economic impact in many countries. This study aimed to develop buccal films and wafers comprising HPMC and sodium alginate (SA) for potential use in nicotine replacement therapy via the buccal mucosa, as a cheap but effective alternative to currently used nicotine patch and chewing gum. The formulations were characterised using texture analyser (tensile and hardness, mucoadhesion), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and swelling capacity. Drug loaded films and wafers were characterised for content uniformity (HPLC) whilst the drug loaded wafers only were further characterised for in vitro drug dissolution. SA modified and improved the functional properties of HPMC at optimum ratio of HPMC: SA of 1.25: 0.75. Generally, both films and wafers (blank and drug loaded) were amorphous in nature which impacted on swelling and mucoadhesive performance. HPMC-SA composite wafers showed a porous internal morphology with higher mucoadhesion, swelling index and drug loading capacity compared to the HPMC-SA composite films which were non-porous. The study demonstrates the potential use of composite HPMC-SA wafers in the buccal delivery nicotine

Functional simulation platform for studying underwater radiation pattern

"For underwater communication, sound signals are used in contrast to RF. Recent development in wireless sensor network for underwater applications such as ocean exploration, marine aquaculture, sea animal tracking and so on have motivated the researchers and developers to understand the properties of sound signal within water in details. This study presents work on design and development of a simulation platform which can study the properties of the sound signal in virtual in-water situation. The platform is called functional, because this is a dedicated platform which only deals with the sound signal. The scope of the development includes software development principles and methods, review of signal-specific scientific principles and integration of the principles and laws into the software system via object-oriented strategy considering existing data structures and testing and validation of the platform with exemplar results. The functional platform also incorporates modulation techniques, the type of technology systems to be used and radiation pattern of the signal under the water. The test results show that that functional platform can work for simulation study of radiation pattern of sound signal in underwater scenario."Mahalik, Nitaigour. California State University, Fresno. Jordan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. Department of Industrial TechnologyGilhotra, Kanwarpreet. California State University, Fresno. Jordan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. Department of Industrial TechnologyGilhotra, KanwarpreetMahalik, Nitaigourhttps://doi.org/10.3844/ajeassp.2014.327.33

A RAPID, SENSITIVE AND VALIDATED ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AND TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PAROMOMYCIN IN MICE PLASMA: APPLICATION TO PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY

Objective: To develop and validate simple, sensitive, accurate and selective UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of paromomycin (PARO) in mice plasma.Methods: Precipitation method was used for the extraction of plasma samples, an aliquot of 25 µl plasma samples was extracted using 10% perchloric acid in water. Chromatographic separation was performed using waters acquity ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) columns, BEH HILIC (50 mm× 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) by a gradient mixture of acetonitrile and water (both containing 0.005% v/v trifluro acetic acid) as a mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The analyte was protonated in the positive electrospray ionization (ESI) interface and detected in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) modes using the transition m/z 308.60-455.30.Results: The method had a short chromatographic run time of 3 min. Calibration curves were linear over wide ranges of 50.51-5019.22 ng/ml. The between and within-batch precision and accuracy of the method was determined by using 4 quality control samples, the highest % CV observed was 11.06. The mean recovery values are 78.17, 101.17 and 92.58 at low, medium and high-quality control levels; respectively.Conclusion: It was concluded that the developed and validated UPLC-MS/MS method was rapid, sensitive, accurate, precise, linear, and specific. Therefore, this method can be used for quantification of PARO in mice plasma with various advantages over the reported methods

Assessing the Impact of Weather Parameters on the Population Dynamics of Insect Pests in Cucurbit Vegetables under Mid-Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh

A study focusing on population dynamics of sucking and leaf-eating some insect pests along with their correlation with weather parameters in cucurbits was conducted at research field, Department of Entomology, Dr. YSPUHF, Solan, H.P., India from June-October, 2019 and 2020. The results revealed that Amrasca biguttula biguttula (I), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (W), Aulacophora foveicollis (L), Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F), Liriomyza trifolii (B), Aulacophora sp., were recorded as the major insect pests. In bitter gourd, maximum population of jassids recorded was (2.33/leaf) in first week of August while, maximum whitefly population in bottle gourd (2.96/leaf) during last week of August and in ridge gourd during last week of July (3.76/leaf). The maximum red pumpkin beetle population on bitter gourd (2.4 beetles/plant) and bottle gourd (2.6 beetles/plant) was observed during last week of August while, hadda beetle attained peak population during first and third week of August in ridge gourd (1.0/plant) and bitter gourd (1.1 adults/plant), respectively. Maximum leaf miner infestation (2.7 mines/leaf) in bottle gourd and ridge gourd was observed during first and third week of August. All pest attained maximum population between 30 to 32 SMW when weather parameters values were Tmax: 27.50 to 28.90; Tmin: 20.60 to 20.80 oC; RH: 79 to 80 %; Rainfall: 25.80 to 30.20 mm. Relative humidity and rainfall played major role with non-significant positive influence on the population build-up of these pests in cucurbit crops along with temperature. The present findings on weather-driven pest dynamics can inform strategies to boost crop yields and reduce farmers\u27 economic losses in similar environments