AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND PARCEL MAPPING FOR IMMOVABLE PROPERTY REGISTRATION IN ALBANIA

Planimetric map production is a basic graphic documentation element of the Immovable Property Registration System in Albania and is one of the main objectives of the Land Market Action Plan. This paper focuses on the implementation of photogrammetry program mapping of index maps for the registration system being developed for Albania. Photogrammetric work occupies an important place among the well-known methods of mapping. Methods for various types of map production based on aerial information are being developed. Analytical photogrammetry is completed theoretically, on an advanced technological base and with hands-on experience in all phases. At present, photogrammetry and remote sensing is changing from analog to digital, from aerial to space-based imaging/mapping, from local to global concepts, and from manually managed to computerized information systems such as the geographic information system. It is not always possible for technology to change from the old to the new. This depends on economic and financial possibilities, on existing technological bases, and, more importantly, on efficiency of the new technology to resolve the problem. In a lot of cases, analogical equipment has been adapted using various types of alterations in order to process as much information as possible and gradually to pass on to higher levels of technology. This paper examines the way aerial photography has been used for surveying in Albania.Aerial photography in land use--Albania, Land titles--Registration and transfer--Albania, Aerial photogrammetry--Albania, Land Economics/Use,

Regulatory Obligations Of The Electronic Communications Market, Administrative And Judicial Appeal, And Monitoring: Inspection And Sanctions In Albania

Electronic communications services and the dynamics of their development require in itself special care and continuous efforts of the national policies. This is used to build effective strategies with the aim of laying the right steps. It is in coherence with international development of the electronic communications market for the products. It also serves as an integral part of its services. Some of the decision which will result to measurable effects in the market include: concrete steps which are related to the harmonization and alignment of the full legislation national primary, absorption and outline of the directives of the EU as an integral part thereof, drafting regulatory acts as secondary legislation, and continuous care for a hand regulatory which is strong and neutral. For careful coordination of the chains as a whole in the chain functioning of this market, where policies and sectoral strategies, regulatory and decisionmaking, entrepreneurs and consumers in the market of products/services offered are on the side of maximum benefits, it would first of all mean finding the appropriate instruments and implement them in a legal manner. This is possible through effective remedies. Thus, the development of competition is the only way that would make it possible for all the actors to find themselves on the side of the party that would win

HARMONIZING ALBANIAN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS LAW: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS CODE IMPACT

The Albanian legislation on electronic communications has undergone a series of changes and adaptations over the years, primarily driven by the evolution of platforms and technologies through which these services are provided. According to the 2022 Albania Report by the European Commission, specifically in Chapter 10 titled "Digital Transformation and Media," it is emphasized that the EU supports the seamless functioning of the internal market for electronic communications. Furthermore, EU regulations are in place to safeguard consumer rights and promote the universal availability of modern services. However, the report notes that Albania is moderately prepared in the field of digital transformation, particularly regarding the adoption of legislation that aligns with the new European Electronic Communications Code. The European Electronic Communications Code (EECC) has envisioned significant changes aimed at consolidating the legislative framework, adapting it to technological advancements, and accommodating the growing array of electronic communication products and services accessible to end consumers. The revisions introduced by the EECC serve not only to enrich and update the existing legislation in this domain but also to align it fully with the transformations resulting from innovation and technology. Moreover, these changes necessitate a new structuring of the legal framework governing services provided to end users, considering the emergence of new Over-The-Top (OTT) services. The EECC also serves the purpose of further augmenting the secondary regulatory and legal framework. This augmentation is achieved through various directives and regulations, not only in pursuit of a unified electronic market but also to introduce new rules ensuring network security and protecting electronic communications privacy. The objective of this article is to analyze the Albanian legal framework for electronic communications by examining and interpreting the changes brought about by the EECC. It aims to identify areas in the Albanian legislation that require adjustment to align with the provisions of the new European Electronic Communications Code

Liberalization, Investment, and Regulation: The Key Factors for the Development of the Electronic Communications Market

The key factors for the development of the electronic communication market include partial liberalization; full, direct, or indirect investments; and competitive regulation based on transparency and non-discrimination. They are used efficiently in preventing anti-competitive practices through the use of appropriate basic instruments of transparency and non-discrimination. They are used in the proper selection of the “best practice” design and implementation of primary and secondary laws. It is an efficient regulatory framework; it creates adequate space; and they are together considered necessary in influencing the positive development of the electronic communication sector. Proper selection of the "innovative dilemma" that comes from the "technology push" in the sector and harmonization of the time required between the necessary innovation and investment, determines the quality of products/services for the sector tomorrow and its internal markets. At the same time, it determines the eligibility of the request-offer and their quality. The close connection between innovation and entrepreneurship as well as the proper implementation through investments is made tangible and measurable to the quality, price, and their persistence. When these factors are considered in harmony, it will ultimately result in effective competition in the sector. Also, their values are identified by the maximization of social welfare to increased consumer benefits

Harmonizing Legal Frameworks: A Comparative Legal Overview of Employee Transfers in Albania and Selected EU Countries

Employee transfer is an important phenomenon that impacts both the public and private sectors worldwide. It is one of the most important managerial and productive instruments that a company can use. Although it is commonly practiced, the institution of internal employee transfers is not regulated in the Labor Code of Albania. Albanian legislation only recognizes the internal transfer of one category of employees, the civil servants. In this regard, there arises an urgent need for the immediate regulation of this institution for the other categories of employees as well. In the context of Albania's accession to the European Union, implementing such regulations would ensure effective protection for employees in accordance with European legislation. Without such regulation, transfers could become a mechanism that employers might misuse. This research paper employs various scientific methods, including historical, analytical, and comparative methods. Following a historical analysis of Albanian legislation, the paper examines employee transfers under current Albanian laws and those of selected EU countries. In conclusion, it is essential for the Albanian Labor Code to establish regulations for internal employee transfers that align with leading European legislations, which have often served as models for shaping Albanian law

Mapping ISP Malware Trends in Albania: Clustering for Smarter Cyber Defences

Cybersecurity plays a vital role in protecting digital infrastructure, with Internet Service Providers (ISPs) standing at the core of this ecosystem. This research takes an exploratory perspective, given the limitations of both the dataset and the number of available features. The analysis draws on malware detection data from Albania, reported through the Shadow Server platform, covering a 15-month period across seven ISPs. By applying time-series clustering alongside statistical methods, the study groups ISPs according to their security patterns. The time-series analysis points to three distinct periods of heightened malware activity, while the characteristics-based approach identifies three groups of ISPs that differ in their vulnerability profiles. Taken together, these results underline the need for customized cybersecurity strategies and stronger cooperation among ISPs. Despite the constraints of a relatively small dataset, clustering techniques prove useful for optimizing resources, supporting regulatory compliance, and informing strategic decisions aimed at more effective threat prevention and mitigation

The interpretation of seismic facies in the molassic deposition of Preadriatic Foredeep

The purpose of this article is to illustrate the principles of seismic facie analysis used in the interpretation of sedimentary rocks, in siliciclastic deposits, especially in molassic one. The recognition and definition of a seismic facies and the analysis of its vertical evolution (facies associations) lead to an environmental interpretation, which can give useful information on both sedimentary facies and reservoir characteristics. With this aim, the major depositional systems, from continental to deep marine, and the depositional elements in which they can be subdivided, will be briefly overviewed in terms of extension, geometry, continuity and lateral variations. For each of these systems, it is pointed out, the major physical active processes during the deposition, the resulting sedimentary structures and their vertical and lateral evolution. The comparison between the environmental interpretation derived from bottom cores, well - logs and that derived from the current depositional models, is used to predict the nature and distribution of reservoir and sealing rocks

Transfers of Employees in Albanian Legislation in a Comparative Perspective

Employee transfer is an important phenomenon that affects both the public and private sectors worldwide. It is one of the most important managerial and productive instruments that a company can use. Even though it is widely used in practice, it is not a well-regulated institution in Albania according to European standards. Albanian labor legislation only recognizes the internal transfer of one category of workers, the civil servants. In this context, there arises an urgent need for the immediate regulation of this institution for the category of workers in the private sector as well. This would ensure effective protection of employees in line with the European legislations, as the lack of such regulation may turn transfers into a tool in the hands of employers

A Comprehensive Review of the Three Main Topic Modeling Algorithms and Challenges in Albanian Employability Skills

Today’s jobseekers face many obstacles while trying to find a career that aligns with their interests, employability soft skills, and professional experience. In Albania, jobseekers frequently initiate their job search by actively exploring job vacancies listed on various online job portals. The analysis of job vacancies posted online provides an added advantage to the labour market actors compared to traditional survey-based analyses. This is because it enables a faster analytical process, promotes decision-making based on accurate data, and should be carefully considered by every country when formulating their Labor Market Policies. Since the data posted online are unlabelled, it has been proven that the potential of unsupervised learning techniques, more precisely the Topic Modelling algorithms, is outstanding when applied to analysing job vacancies, mainly with regard to assessing employability soft skills. Algorithms in topic modelling are essential for uncovering hidden patterns in texts, facilitating the extraction of important data, generating document summaries, and enhancing content comprehension. This paper analyses and compares the three primary methodologies and algorithms used in topic modelling, which can be applied to analyse employability soft-skills: Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and BERTopic. At the end of the paper, conclusions are drawn regarding superior performance and optimal algorithm applicability, challenges, and limitations through a review of studies conducted in the Albanian job market

Transfers of Employees in Albanian Legislation in a Comparative Perspective

Employee transfer is an important phenomenon that affects both the public and private sectors worldwide. It is one of the most important managerial and productive instruments that a company can use. Even though it is widely used in practice, it is not a well-regulated institution in Albania according to European standards. Albanian labor legislation only recognizes the internal transfer of one category of workers, the civil servants. In this context, there arises an urgent need for the immediate regulation of this institution for the category of workers in the private sector as well. This would ensure effective protection of employees in line with the European legislations, as the lack of such regulation may turn transfers into a tool in the hands of employers