Alternativenart, persönliche Glückszahl und magisch animistische Begründungen von Entscheidungen bei Risiko

Durch Variation des Konfliktgehalts zwischen zwei Alternativen und damit der Begründbarkeit von Entscheidungen sollte geprüft werden, ob das Auftreten magisch-animistischer Begründungen bei Schulkindern nur Begründungsschwierigkeiten anzeigt und nicht magisch-animistisches Denken. Mit Hilfe einer erfragten Glückszahl beim Würfeln sollte außerdem die Validität des magisch-animistisehen Gehalts von derartigen Begründungen untersucht werden. Es zeigte sich bei 61 11jährigen Vpn, daß magisch-animistisch klassifizierte Antworten mit dem Konfliktgehalt der Alternativen zusammenhingen und bei eine Glückszahl besitzenden Vpn, die diese in den Entscheidungen berücksichtigen, häufiger vorkommen als bei Vpn zweier Vergleichsgruppen.By varying the conflict between two alternatives the difficulty to give s. th. as an adequate reason for one's decisions was manipulated. 61 subjects aged 11 were tested to show by that whether their magic-animistic reasons for decisions only indicate their inability in finding well-founded reasons or indicate vaIidely their magic-animistic thinking. By asking for the lucky pip of the child the validity of the magic-animistic content of such reasonings should be investigated too. The data showed that answers which are classifled as magic-animistic, are related to the conflict between the alternatives and are given more often by subjects who reported to have a lucky pip and who considered it in their decisions than by subjects of two control groups. Resume: Les auteurs se demandent si les expIications magico-ammlstes des ecoIiers revelent une difficulte a formuler des justifications rationnelles ou un mode de pensee reellement magico-animiste. En demandant aux enfants si et pourquoi ils ont un nombre-chance lorsgu'ils jouent avec un de a six points, les auteurs etudient la vaIidite du contenu magico- animiste des justifications enfantines. Dans un groupe d'enfants de 11 ans les reponses magico-animistes sont en relation a la fois avec le contenu conflictuel de la situation et avec la croyance a un nombre-chance personnel

The Illusion of Transparency and Public Speaking: A Study of Social Anxiety

The purpose of this study is to determine whether participants who are informed of a phenomenon termed the illusion of transparency (Gilovich, Savitsky & Medvec, 1998) give higher quality speeches, feel and appear less anxious while delivering the speech, and give longer speeches. Participants consisted of 543 students from a Midwestern university. First they completed the FNE (Watson & Friend, 1969), and 31 of those with the top quartile of scores returned to the lab to give a 3-minute speech. Participants in the illusion condition were informed about what the illusion of transparency is, while those in the reassured condition were told not to worry about their anxiety. Those in the control condition were given no instructions. Participants and observers rated the speeches on a number of items regarding anxiety and quality. Results were not consistent with previous research, and are discussed in terms of the current study

The Role of Client Avoidance on PTSD Recovery throughout the Course of Trauma Therapy

The accumulation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over the past few decades has contributed to the development of clinical treatment guidelines (Chambless & Ollendick, 2001; Forbes et al., 2010; Truax & Thomas, 2003). Two treatments that have gained substantial support are Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). Although these treatments result in most participants losing their PTSD diagnosis and obtaining meaningful reductions in symptoms, some clients remain refractory to treatment. Researchers have worked to identify predictors of treatment outcome, but have given minimal attention to aspects of client avoidance as process variables that could impact recovery. The current paper evaluates the role of client avoidance process variables on PTSD treatment outcome. Using therapy session tapes and client chart files for 70 participants who underwent CPT in two NIH-funded trials, the role of in-session avoidance, homework noncompliance, and irregular attendance were evaluated. Among in-session avoidance variables, greater avoidance of the trauma memory was negatively correlated with a reduction in posttraumatic symptoms. However, due to lack of variability in in-session engagement variables, few meaningful correlations were obtained for other in-session avoidance variables and PTSD and depression treatment outcome. Among the homework variables, perceived helpfulness of homework among completers was the only significant predictor of PTSD symptom change. Finally, attendance compliance and irregular session attendance did not significantly predict PTSD and depression change scores. Implications of these findings are discussed

A place for academicised nursing in the hospital system?

Theoretischer Hintergrund: Durch die Entwicklung von akademisch qualifizierten Pflegerollen findet eine Entfremdung von der direkten klinischen-pflegerischen Versorgung statt. Bachelor Absolvent*innen postulieren eine Sicherung und Weiterentwicklung neuer Konzepte der erweiterten pflegerischen Versorgungspraxis unter Einbezug der erworbenen erweiterten Kompetenzen. Ein höheres Bildungsniveau der Pflegenden wird national und international mit einer Verbesserung der Pflegequalität und somit mit einem patient*innenbezogenen Mehrwert in Verbindung gebracht. Die Integration neuer Rollenbilder in die Pflegepraxis für Bachelorabsolvent*innen wird gefordert, damit im Rahmen eines Skill und Grade Mixes die Kultur der Pflege im Setting Akutkrankenhaus verändert werden kann. Ziel der Arbeit: Für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung ist es notwendig, die Treiber und Barrieren dieses Prozesses zu identifizieren. Methode: Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage wurde eine Literaturübersicht durchgeführt. Dafür fand eine Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken PubMed und CINAHL sowie eine erweiterte Suche in Springer Link und mir der Suchmaschine google scholar statt. Sieben Publikationen wurden inkludiert. Ergebnisse: Die Implementierung akademischer Pflegerollen kann durch strukturierte Praxisentwicklungsprojekte gefördert werden. Eine transparente Zielstellung und Kommunikation steigern die Akzeptanz auf individueller und auf organisatorischer Ebene. Rollen- und Tätigkeitsprofile sowie definierte Kompetenz- und Karrieremodelle tragen dazu bei, die Anzahl der Pflegefachpersonen auf Bachelorniveau in der direkten Patient*innenversorgung im Setting Akutkrankenhaus zu erhöhen. Schlüsselwörter: Bachelor Absolvent*innen, Integration, Implementierung, fördernde und hindernde Faktoren, AkutkrankenhausTheoretical backround: The development of academically qualified nursing roles leads to an alienation from direct clinical nursing care. Bachelor's graduates postulate a further development and safeguarding of new concepts of extended nursing practice, including the competences acquired. A higher level of education for nurses is nationally and internationally associated with an improvement in the quality of care and thus with added value for patients. The integration of new role models into nursing practice for Bachelor’s graduates is called for, so that a skill and grade mix can change the nursing culture in an acute hospital. Aim of the thesis: For successful implementation, it is necessary to identify the drivers and barriers of this process. Method: In order to answer the research question, a literature review was carried out. This involved a literature research in the databases PubMed and CINAHL, as well as an extended research in Springer Link and the search engine Google Scholar. Seven publications were included. Results: The implementation of academic roles can be promoted through practice development projects. Transparent objectives and communication improve the acceptance at an individual and organisational level. Role and job profiles as well as defined competency and career models help to increase the number of nurses at Bachelor’s level in direct patient care in the acute hospital setting. Keywords: Bachelor graduates, integration, implementation, inhibiting and promoting factors, acute care hospita

Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for management of osteoarthritis in long-term care patients

Osteoarthritis is common in patients ≥65 years of age. Although nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often prescribed for osteoarthritis pain, they pose age-related cardiovascular, renal, and gastrointestinal risks. Two topical NSAIDs, diclofenac sodium 1% gel (DSG) and diclofenac sodium 1.5% in 45.5% dimethylsulfoxide solution (D-DMSO), are approved in the US for the treatment of osteoarthritis pain. Topical NSAIDs have shown efficacy and safety in knee (DSG, D-DMSO) and hand (DSG) osteoarthritis. Analyses of data from randomized controlled trials of DSG in hand and knee osteoarthritis demonstrate significant improvement of pain and function in both younger patients (<65 years) and older patients (≥65 years) and suggest good safety and tolerability. However, long-term safety data in older patients are limited. Topical NSAIDs can ease medication administration and help address barriers to pain management in older patients, such as taking multiple medications and inability to swallow, and are a valuable option for long-term care providers

Glasinnenbehälter für elektrische Heißwasserspeicher

Über die Verwendung des Austauschstoffes Glas für Rohrleitungen und Heißwasserspeicher wurde bereits in dem Heft 1 der „Glastechnischen Berichte" 1937 ein Beitrag gebracht. Im nachstehenden werden noch einmal kurz die Entwicklungsstufen von Glasspeichern geschildert und der weitere Verlauf der Untersuchungen und Erfahrungen dargelegt

TRIAKSIJALNI UREĐAJI RAZVIJENI NA RUDARSKOJ AKADEMIJI FREIBERG, NJIHOVA UPOTREBA I POSTIGNUTI REZULTATI

Dreiaxiale Anlagen sind fur die geomechanischen Berechnun-gen bei Untergrundarbeiten notwendig. Nach dem Experiment von V. Karman 1911 wurden die Anlagen weiterentwickelt. Die Anlage vom Beginn der 70—er Jahren ermoglichte die Gewinnung von den folgenden Indexen: die Axiallast vom Muster bis zu 20(X) kN, der Seitendruck in der Kammcr bis zu 400 MPa und der Porendruck im Muster bis 330 MPa. Der Einbau einer Thermoumhullung fiir die Musterheizung bis zu 3000°C is vorgesehen. Am Beginn der 80—er Jahren wurde in Freiberg erne Anlage mit elektronischer Steuerung hergestellt, die das Entstehen von 40 MPa vom Seilen— und Porendruck ermoglichte. Die Ergebnisse von den Experimenten mil diesen Anlagen sind auch dargeslellt.Triaksijalni uređaji neophodni su za geomehaničke proračune pri podzemnim radovima. Nakon pokusa V. Karmana u 1911. godini, nastavljena su usavršavanja uređaja. Uređaj iz početka sedamdesetih godina omogućio je dobivanje slijedećih pokazatelja: osno opterećenje uzorka do 2000 kN, bočni tlak u komori do 400 MPa i [porni tlak u uzorku tlo 330 MPa. Predviđa se ugradnja termoomotača za grijanje uzorka do 300°C, Početkom osamdesetih godina načinjen je u Freibergu uređaj s elektroničkim upravljanjem koji omogućava ostvarivanje 40 MPa bočnog i pornog tlaka. U radu su opisani i rezultati pokusa ovim uređajima

Antibody signatures in patients with histopathologically defined multiple sclerosis patterns

Early active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions can be classified histologically into three main immunopathological patterns of demyelination (patterns I-III), which suggest pathogenic heterogeneity and may predict therapy response. Patterns I and II show signs of immune-mediated demyelination, but only pattern II is associated with antibody/complement deposition. In pattern III lesions, which include Baló's concentric sclerosis, primary oligodendrocyte damage was proposed. Serum antibody reactivities could reflect disease pathogenesis and thus distinguish histopathologically defined MS patterns. We established a customized microarray with more than 700 peptides that represent human and viral antigens potentially relevant for inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases, and tested sera from 66 patients (pattern I n = 12; II n = 29; III n = 25, including 8 with Baló's), healthy controls, patients with Sjögren's syndrome and stroke patients. Cell-based assays were performed for aquaporin 1 (AQP1) and AQP4 antibody detection. No single peptide showed differential binding among study cohorts. Because antibodies can react with different peptides from one protein, we also analyzed groups of peptides. Patients with pattern II showed significantly higher reactivities to Nogo-A peptides as compared to patterns I (p = 0.02) and III (p = 0.02). Pattern III patients showed higher reactivities to AQP1 (compared to pattern I p = 0.002, pattern II p = 0.001) and varicella zoster virus (VZV, compared to pattern II p = 0.05). In patients with Baló's, AQP1 reactivity was also significantly higher compared to patients without Baló's (p = 0.04), and the former revealed distinct antibody signatures. Histologically, Baló's patients showed loss of AQP1 and AQP4 in demyelinating lesions, but no antibodies binding conformational AQP1 or AQP4 were detected. In summary, higher reactivities to Nogo-A peptides in pattern II patients could be relevant for enhanced axonal repair and remyelination. Higher reactivities to AQP1 peptides in pattern III patients and its subgroup of Baló's patients possibly reflect astrocytic damage. Finally, latent VZV infection may cause peripheral immune activation

Effect of vitamin D on bone mineral density of elderly patients with osteoporosis responding poorly to bisphosphonates

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonates are indicated in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, bone mineral density (BMD) continues to decline in up to 15% of bisphosphonate users. While randomized trials have evaluated the efficacy of concurrent bisphosphonates and vitamin D, the incremental benefit of vitamin D remains uncertain. METHODS: Using data from the Canadian Database of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia (CANDOO), we performed a 2-year observational cohort study. At baseline, all patients were prescribed a bisphosphonate and counseled on vitamin D supplementation. After one year, patients were divided into two groups based on their response to bisphosphonate treatment. Non-responders were prescribed vitamin D 1000 IU daily. Responders continued to receive counseling on vitamin D. RESULTS: Of 449 patients identified, 159 were non-responders to bisphosphonates. 94% of patients were women. The mean age of the entire cohort was 74.6 years (standard deviation = 5.6 years). In the cohort of non-responders, BMD at the lumbar spine increased 2.19% (p < 0.001) the year after vitamin D was prescribed compared to a decrease of 0.55% (p = 0.36) the year before. In the cohort of responders, lumbar spine BMD improved 1.45% (p = 0.014) the first year and 1.11% (p = 0.60) the second year. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant the first year (p < 0.001) but not the second (p = 0.60). Similar results were observed at the femoral neck but were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In elderly patients with osteoporosis not responding to bisphosphonates, vitamin D 1000 IU daily may improve BMD at the lumbar spine

Randomized comparison of the effects of the vitamin D(3 )adequate intake versus 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day on biochemical responses and the wellbeing of patients

BACKGROUND: For adults, vitamin D intake of 100 mcg (4000 IU)/day is physiologic and safe. The adequate intake (AI) for older adults is 15 mcg (600 IU)/day, but there has been no report focusing on use of this dose. METHODS: We compared effects of these doses on biochemical responses and sense of wellbeing in a blinded, randomized trial. In Study 1, 64 outpatients (recruited if summer 2001 25(OH)D <61 nmol/L) were given 15 or 100 mcg/day vitamin D in December 2001. Biochemical responses were followed at subsequent visits that were part of clinical care; 37 patients completed a wellbeing questionnaire in December 2001 and February 2002. Subjects for Study 2 were recruited if their 25(OH)D was <51 nmol/L in summer 2001. 66 outpatients were given vitamin D; 51 completed a wellbeing questionnaire in both December 2002 and February 2003. RESULTS: In Study 1, basal summer 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] averaged 48 ± 9 (SD) nmol/L. Supplementation for more than 6 months produced mean 25(OH)D levels of 79 ± 30 nmol/L for the 15 mcg/day group, and 112 ± 41 nmol/L for the 100 mcg/day group. Both doses lowered plasma parathyroid hormone with no effect on plasma calcium. Between December and February, wellbeing score improved more for the 100-mcg/day group than for the lower-dosed group (1-tail Mann-Whitney p = 0.036). In Study 2, 25(OH)D averaged 39 ± 9 nmol/L, and winter wellbeing scores improved with both doses of vitamin D (two-tail p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The highest AI for vitamin D brought summertime 25(OH)D to >40 nmol/L, lowered PTH, and its use was associated with improved wellbeing. The 100 mcg/day dose produced greater responses. Since it was ethically necessary to provide a meaningful dose of vitamin D to these insufficient patients, we cannot rule out a placebo wellbeing response, particularly for those on the lower dose. This work confirms the safety and efficacy of both 15 and 100 mcg/day vitamin D(3 )in patients who needed additional vitamin D