Enhanced Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Network Internet Connectivity

An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration and consists of mobile nodes that use a wireless interface to communicate with each other. These mobile nodes serve as both hosts and routers so they can forward packets on behalf of each other. Hence, the mobile nodes are able to communicate beyond their transmission range by supporting multi hop communication. However, the fact that there is no central infrastructure and that the devices which can move randomly gives rise to various kinds of problems, such as routing and security and quality of service (QoS). In this thesis the problem of routing is considered. An Ad-Hoc network has certain characteristics, which impose new demand on the routing protocol the most important characteristic is the dynamic topology, which is a consequence of node mobility. Nodes can changes position quite frequently, which means that we need a routing protocol that quickly adapts to topology changes. The nodes in ad hoc network can consist of laptops and PDA (Personal Digital Assistants) and are often very limited in resources such as CPU capacity, storage capacity, battery power and bandwidth. This means that routing protocol should try to minimize control traffic, such as period update message. Instead the routing protocol should be reactive, thus only calculate routes upon receiving a specific request. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IEFT) currently has a working group called mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) that is working on routing specification for Ad hoc networks. This thesis evaluates some of the routing protocols such as AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance vector) and DSR (Dynamic Sources Routing) and DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance vector) for performance testing and an enhanced implementation of AODV, which is able to detect Internet gateway in the proactive, reactive, and hybrid situation. This evaluation is done by means of simulation using NS-2 developed by University California Berkeley. There are several ad hoc routing protocols, such as AODV, DSR, and DSDV that propose solutions for routing within a mobile ad hoc network. However, since there is an interest in communication between not only mobile devices in an ad hoc network, but also between a mobile device in an ad hoc network and a fixed device in a fixed network (e.g. the Internet), the ad hoc routing protocols need to be modified. In this thesis the ad hoc routing protocol AODV is used and modified to examine the interconnection between a mobile ad hoc network and the Internet. For this purpose Network Simulator 2, NS 2, has been used. Moreover, three proposed approaches for gateway discovery are implemented; propose a forwarding algorithm, and route determination algorithm for default route and host route in MANET are investigated

Factors influences residential location selection preferences toward future neighborhood

It is critical to study the travel behaviour of residents as it provides an understanding on what people do over space and how people use transportation within that space. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that determine residential location preferences towards future neighborhood selection. Current literature focuses on preferences in relation to physical and demographic aspects, such as ownership, income, land use, facilities as well as transportation services. However, this study suggests safety and cultural aspects which are likely to be significant in many contexts. In order to further investigate these suggestions, a case study has been carried out based on Iskandar Malaysia’s development region. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied to 384 household heads on their housing selection preferences. The result shows that there are significant relationships between residential location preferences and travel behaviour

Accumulation And Extraction Of Polyhydroxyalkanoate From Aerobic Granules Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable polymer which has attracted a lot of interests among researchers lately. In tandem with that, PHA synthesis in microorganisms treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) is an interesting prospect. Aerobic granules developed using POME are totally unexplored till date for PHA synthesis. POME (acidogenically digested) used in this study was collected from an existing anaerobic pond of palm oil mill wastewater treatment plant. The findings of this study showed that aerobic granules were successfully developed using acidogenically digested POME within 9 days and 85 % of the influent COD was removed on average. The developed aerobic granules had an average sludge volume index (SVI) of 48 mL/g. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in aerobic granules contained higher proportion of protein than carbohydrate. Besides that, 16S rRNA analysis indicated that Bacillus and Bordetella genera were the dominating group of bacteria in aerobic granules developed using acidogenically digested POME. The ensuing analysis reveals that aerobic granules were able to accumulate PHA during the treatment of acidogenically digested POME. The average PHA content was 0.68 g PHA/g CDW and the PHA accumulated was co-polymer of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (P3(HB-co-HV)). The subsequent study reveals that at the cycle time of 6 hrs, the aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) strategy accumulates the highest PHA (0.651 g PHA/g CDW) of all other strategies. Meanwhile, the PHA recovery study reveals that the sodium hypochlorite-chloroform dispersion method is the best choice compared to other three methods used. The key element in recovering PHA from aerobic granules found to be nearly complete removal of EPS layer in the aerobic granules. The PHA recovery yield was 0.89 g PHA/g CDW in the sodium hypochlorite-chloroform dispersion method. On the other hand, the growth-disintegration processes found to influence the amount of PHA accumulating capability. Granules in between 0.35 and 0.50 mm accumulated 0.68 g PHA/g CDW compared to 0.60 g PHA/g CDW in granules larger than 2 mm. Substrate and oxygen diffusion into the aerobic granules found to be the reason for this difference. Increase of organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.91 to 3.64 kg COD/m3.day has increased the PHA content from 0.66 to 0.87 g PHA/g CDW, respectively. Meanwhile, increase of aeration rate from 1 to 4 L/min has accelerated the formation of PHA only, whereas the PHA content in aerobic granules remained constant. The residual oil was found to attach on the surface of aerobic granules and subsequently limits the substrate diffusion which in turn decreased the PHA content. The inhibition constant was 5.61 g/L residual oil. The overall outcome of this study converges towards the successful PHA accumulation in aerobic granules

Pendidikan Dalam Perspektif Filsafat Pancasila di SMAN Titian Teras Muaro Jambi

Filsafat pendidikan adalah pemikiran yang mendalam tentang pendidikan berdasarkan filsafat. Pancasila adalah falsafah yang merupakan pedoman berperilaku bagi bangsa Indonesia yang sesuai dengan kultur bangsa Indonesia. Pendidikan karakter memang seharusnya diambil dari nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilaksanakan pada sekolah pertanyaan membahas tentang tipe hasil belajar efektif yang tampak pada siswa. Dari hasil wawancara dapat hasil berupa jawaban langsung yakni Hasil dari belajar yang efektif dapat dilihat dari minat, semangat, dan keaktifan siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini di harapkan pembaca mengerti tentang pembelajaran efektif dalam konsep Pendidikan filsafat Pancasila. Pendidikan dalam filsafat Pancasila menekankan bahwa pendidikan harus berorientasi pada pengembangan karakter dan moral siswa, sejalan dengan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam Pancasila. Pendidikan tidak hanya berfungsi untuk transfer pengetahuan, tetapi juga untuk membentuk individu yang memiliki integritas, toleransi, dan rasa keadilan

Implementation of PWM AC chopper controller for capacitor run induction motor drive via bacterial foraging optimization algorithm

This paper focuses on design of closed-loop control for pulse width modulated AC chopper controlled capacitor run induction motor drive engaging enriched optimization algorithm based on foraging of bacteria. Capacitor run induction motor is a non-linear device and its parameter varies under different functional point of the system. A linearized increment model for PWM AC chopper is illustrated for a particular functional point of the drive. The conventional method does not provide acceptable performance under different load conditions. Bacteria foraging optimization technique categorizes accurate control parameters for the superlative dynamic response under unit step load variations. Field Programmable Gate Array is implemented practically for a particular functional point of the drive to exhibit accurate performance. Experimental and simulated results are obtained to authenticate the effectiveness of the optimized controller.

Mechanical properties related to use of glass waste as a raw material in porcelain stoneware tile mixtures

Porcelain represents one of the most complex ceramics, formulated from a mix of clay, feldspar and quartz are sintered to conform a glass-ceramic composite. Porcelain stoneware tile has excellent technical characteristics. Nowadays, research of new materials, for example non-hazardous wastes, that are able to replace the traditional fluxing agent with out changing the process or quality of the final products has been realized. The aim of this work is to study the possibility of the use of glass powder waste, in ceramic mixtures, for manufacturing of porcelain stoneware tiles. It was prepared by mixtures containing different amount of fireclay, glass waste, feldspar and quartz. The samples were fired reaching different maximum temperatures in the range 900-12000 C, with a soaking time of 1 hour. The fired samples were characterized and the use of small amounts of glass powder in addition with feldspar and quartz showed good results of mechanical technological properties. The 10F5Q5G was the only product that can be classified as a porcelain stoneware tile due to its properties

Impact of Viewing Fatphobic Messages on Facebook in Generation X

Social media has been found to directly affect body image dissatisfaction (BID), which is defined as a discrepancy between how a person views their weight, shape and size, and what is indicated by objective measures (Silva et al., 2011). Previous studies on body image and social media have mostly been limited to women and girls (Ginsberg et al., 2015), and little research is available for individuals past early adulthood. The current study surveyed individuals from Generation X, defined as anyone born between 1965 and 1980. In addition, this study recruited participants from all genders, asking participants to self-identify as male, female, or non-binary. Our team hopes to fill in current gaps in the literature relative to the study of BID in an older generation and among people of all genders. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three mock Facebook pages; one containing body positive posts, one depicting fatphobic media, and a third with neutral images to act as a control group. Pre and post tests were used to gather information about participants’ BID before and after viewing the Facebook pages. We hypothesized that individuals exposed to the fatphobic page would report higher levels of posttest BID when compared with their pretests. Additionally, we expected that individuals in the neutral and body positive conditions would show less variation between pretest and posttest BID