The impact of the charismatic movement and related tensions on the traditional Lutheran worship of the South Central Synod of the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus since 1991

This research is based on the contemporary worship life of the South Central Synod (SCS) of the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY). The worship life of the SCS congregations has been disrupted since 1991 because of the impact of the charismatic movement on the traditional Lutheran worship of the SCS and related tensions. The EECMY is the church that was founded by the European Lutheran Churches. Therefore, it adheres to the Lutheran theological tradition, which limits religious authority to Scripture and emphasizes the New Testament’s teaching of conversion, new birth, and justification by grace through faith. Lutheran theological tradition does not emphasize the necessity and possibility of the charismatic gifts as part of faith practice. Any tendency to receive and experience charismatic gifts outside of Scripture and sacraments has not been addressed for traditional Lutheran worship. Rather, such experiences were strongly rejected by Lutheran confessional documents (SA III: viii). Being one of the units of the EECMY, SCS was founded on this theological tradition and assumes it for its theology and practice. The SCS traditional worship, therefore, does not recognize charismatic worship and experiences of related manifestations as necessary parts of faith practice. Since 1991 the charismatic movement has introduced the congregations to traditionally neglected charismatic worship and experiences of charismatic gifts such as prophecy, revelations, speaking in tongues, physical healing, discerning spirits and miracle working. The receiving and experiencing of these gifts have become almost a normal part of worship in the congregations. This has impacted the congregations to the extent that they consider their own traditional worship structure as contradictory to devotional worship and deeper spiritual experience. Yet the traditionalists of the congregations reject charismatic worship and related experiences of the manifestations. These distinct views have caused tensions and disruption between the members those who want freedom of worship and changes to the traditional formalism, and those who wish to maintain the traditional form of worship. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore this situation and the history that has brought it about. Having examined this, the research discusses the nature and impact of the charismatic movement and its effects on traditional Lutheran worship in the SCS, together with offering some potential contextually appropriate proposed solutions.All Saints Parish Church Hoole and the University of Cheste

Review of Postharvest Loss Effects, Magnitudes, Challenges and Management Practices in Ethiopia

This review was aimed to recognize the effect, challenge, magnitude and management practices of postharvest losses in Ethiopia. Global efforts in fight against hunger to raise income and improve food security especially in world poorest country should give priority to the issue of postharvest loss.  Postharvest loss is major problem to persistence food insecurity to meet food demand of rapidly growing population. An average magnitude of postharvest losses along value chain of selected (horticultural and cereal) crops has been estimated 10 to 50 % in Ethiopia. Major challenges facing in postharvest handling include lack of: - awareness, communication, targeted policies and strategies, evidence-based postharvest loss assessments, institutional and organizational arrangements, targeted financing and investment in postharvest handling to ensure food security of Ethiopia. Hence, improved postharvest handling practices, better education to farmers, improved infrastructure in order for products to reach markets, developed value chains, collaboration between actors in supply chains and improved technologies must give attention to reduce postharvest loss to achieve improved food security in Ethiopia. Keywords: - postharvest loss, effects, challenges, magnitudes, management practices DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/101-03 Publication date:September 30th 202

Exploring grade 11 learners’ use of the geogebra programme when learning euclidean geometry.

Masters Degree. University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban.The GeoGebra programme is a free computer application programme that provides an algebra view, Geometry view, spreadsheet view and an input bar. This study explored how the GeoGebra programme contributed to learners’ learning and understanding of Euclidean Geometry. The research focused on participants’ experiences as they used the GeoGebra programme to support their understanding of Euclidean Geometry. It highlighted learners’ perspectives on the role of the GeoGebra programme in supporting an exploration of Euclidean Geometry in particular and mathematical ideas in general. The focus of the study was to explore the way in which the GeoGebra programme is used, as a learning tool and mediating artefact in the learning of Euclidean Geometry in Grade 11 Mathematics. This study also aimed to explore learners’ experiences and perceptions when the GeoGebra programme is used to support the learning of Grade 11 Euclidean Geometry. The main research questions that guided this study focused on how learners used the GeoGebra programme Euclidean Geometry to support their understanding and why the GeoGebra programme is used in the way that it is when learning Grade 11 Euclidean Geometry. The study is rooted within a Constructivist view of learning and mediated learning and the approach used is a case study. The research was carried out in a public school that involved 16 learners. Data was generated by using tasks, lesson observations and interviews. Based on a qualitative analysis of the data generated, the findings indicate that the introduction of the GeoGebra programme did have an influence on the learning practice in three dimensions, namely: (1) the GeoGebra programme provided a medium for visualisation that linked the development of mathematical ideas and concepts through computer-based learning, (2) the GeoGebra programme created an independent constructive learning environment and (3) the utilisation of the GeoGebra programme as a learning tool enhanced learners’ conceptual understanding of Euclidean Geometry understanding

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer (Urea) Rate Application on Growth Performance of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) on Vertisols of Central Highland of North Shewa, Ethiopia

A study was conducted to determine response of potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) to different rates of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) applied as 0 kg/ha, 81 kg/ha 165 kg/ha and 246 kg/ha  on vertisols of Debre Berhan university demonstration site which was located at central highlands(North Shewa) of Ethiopia. Treatments were arranged in RCBD design. Data was collected after 50% of plants were produced flower in which it was sampled randomly from center of plot.  Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer urea 246kg/ha and 165kg/ha delayed days to flowering, increases stem length, above ground biomass, underground biomass, branch number, and stem number as compared to the control(N=0kg/ha). It was observed that application of 165 kg urea/ha is required for optimum growth and performance of potato Gorebeilla variety on Vertisols of Debre Berhan in central high lands of Ethiopia. Keywords: - Potato, gorebeilla variety, Nitrogen fertilizer, aboveground performance, underground performance, different Rate application DOI: 10.7176/ALST/80-01 Publication date: April 30th 202

Geochemical and Isotopic Composition of Natural Waters in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift: emphasis on the study of source and genesis of fluoride

In the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), the supply of drinking water principally relies on groundwater wells, springs (including some hot springs), and rivers, and is characterized by a significant problem of fluoride (F¯) contamination. New analyses reveal that the F− geochemical anomaly is sometimes associated with hazardous content of other potentially toxic elements such as As, B, Mo, U, Al, Fe, and Mn. The F¯ content exceeds the permissible limit for drinking prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO; 1.5 mg/L) in many important wells (up to 20 mg/L), with even more extreme F concentration in hot springs and alkaline lakes (up to 97 mg/L and 384 mg/L respectively) and is causing prevalent endemic fluorosis disease in the region. 87 % of the groundwater wells, 38 % of rivers and 100 % of hot springs and lakes show F¯ content above 1.5 mg/L. The groundwater and surface water from the highlands, typically characterized by low Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Ca2+ (Mg2+)-HCO3¯ hydrochemical facies, do not show high F¯ content. The subsequent interaction of these waters with the various rocks of the rift valley induces a general increase of the TDS and a variation of the chemical signature towards Na+-HCO3¯ compositions, with a parallel enrichment of F¯. The interacting matrixes are mainly rhyolites consisting of volcanic glass and only rare F-bearing accessory minerals (such as alkali amphibole). Comparing the abundance and the composition of the glassy groundmass with other mineral phases, it appears that the former stores most of the total F¯ budget. This glassy material is extremely reactive, and its weathering products (i.e. fluvio/volcano-lacustrine sediments) further concentrate the fluoride. The interaction of these “weathered/reworked” volcanic products with water and carbon dioxide at high pH causes the release of fluoride into the interacting water. This mainly occurs by a process of baseexchange softening with the neo-formed clay minerals (i.e. Ca-Mg uptake by the aquifer matrix, with release of Na+ into the groundwater). This is plausibly the main enrichment mechanism that explains the high F¯ content of the local groundwater, as evidenced by positive correlation between F¯, pH, and Na+, and inverse correlation between F¯ and Ca2+ (Mg2+). Saturation indices (SI) were calculated (using PHREEQC-2) for the different water groups, highlighting that the studied waters are undersaturated in fluorite. In these conditions, fluoride can not precipitate as CaF2, and so F¯ mobilizes freely without forming other complexes. On the other hand, 35 % of the 23 investigated groundwater wells and 70 % of the 12 hot springs (and deep geothermal wells) show Arsenic concentration above the recommended limit of 10μg/L (WHO 2006). The average concentration of Arsenic is 0.9μg/L in rivers, 39μg/L in hot springs, 236μg/L in deep geothermal wells, 21.4μg/L in groundwater wells, 77μg/L in lakes, whereas maximum concentrations reach up to 3μg/L, 156μg/L, 278μg/L, 157μg/L and 405 μg/L respectively. Arsenic in groundwater wells shows positive correlations with Na+ (R2=0.63) and HCO3 − (R2=0.70) as well as with other trace elements such as Mo (R2=0.79), U (R2=0.70), V (R2=0.68) whereas no correlations are observed with Fe and Mn. PHREEQC speciation modelling indicates that Fe and Al oxides and hydroxides are stable in the water systems, suggesting that Fe and Al mineral phases are potential adsorbents and thus influence the mobility of As. The oxidizing, high pH condition combined with Na+- HCO3¯ hydrochemical facies (competing effect of HCO3 − for adsorption sites) of the MER waters play an important role in the mobilization of arsenic. Chemical analyses of leachates from MER rhyolitic rocks and their weathered and reworked fluviolacustrine sediments were performed in order to evaluate their contribution as a source of the mentioned geochemical anomalies. The leachates were obtained from a one-year leaching experiment on powdered rocks and sediments mixed with distilled water (10g:50ml). The sediment leachates contain as much as 7.6 mg/L of F¯, 220 μg/L of As, 181 μg/L of Mo, 64 μg/L of U and 254 μg/L of V suggesting that the local sediments represent the main source and reservoir of toxic elements. Laboratory column experiment was also conducted in volcanic ash sample using synthetic rain water flushing, and the result showed that significant amount of F¯ were leached out over the duration of the experiments. This showed that these elements were originally present in the glassy portion of the MER rhyolitic rocks, were progressively concentrated in weathered and redeposited products. It further confirms that the pyroclastic materials are the major source and reservoir of many of the chemical elements (e.g. F¯, As). Therefore, together with the renowned F¯ problem, the possible presence of geochemical anomalies in As, B, Mo, V, U, Al, Fe, and Mn have to be taken into consideration in water quality issues and future works has to investigate their possible health impact on the population of MER and other sectors of the east African rift. The stable δ18O, δD and radiogenic (87Sr/86Sr) isotopic composition of waters and representative volcanic rocks (Ignimbrite and basalt) were carried out during this study. Different ranges of isotopic values were recorded for different water groups: 10 hot spring samples show δ18O value with in the range of (-3.36‰ – 3.69‰) and δD (-0.95‰ – 24.23‰) (VSMOW), 12 groundwater wells δ18O (- 3.99‰ – 5.14‰) and δD (-19.69‰ – 32.27‰) in contrast to the 5 Lakes δ18O (3.98‰ – 7.92‰) and δD (26.19‰ – 45.71‰). The 2 deep geothermal wells and 1 of the 2 river samples are depleted in stable isotopic values. 87Sr/86Sr values range from 0.7045 to 0.7076 in the hot springs, and the two deep geothermal wells have 0.7043 and 0.7054 values. These signatures are typical of water interacted with mantle derived materials (with a minor crustal contamination), similar to the rocks widely covering the study area. The Sr isotope values of the basalt and ignimbrite samples are 0.7063 and 0.7071 respectively. Generally, the result shows that there exists a complex surface water and groundwater interactions that is reflected on a diversity of the stable and Sr isotopic signature in waters. The preliminary results of the study has showed that there is a need for future extended works on the geochemistry of solid samples (rocks, sediments and soils) as well as in waters that investigate all the spectrum of chemical elements that are potentially detrimental to human health and environment. Furthermore, from water resource point of view, the following works must focus on a comprehensive study of various isotopes and geochemical data to constrain groundwater age dating, water-rock interaction and flow path and thus help to model and systematize the hydrologic cycles in the basin

Evaluation of soil bacteria as bioinoculants for the control of field pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches

Aphanomyces euteiches is an oomycete pathogen that is becoming a serious problem for field pea (Pisum sativum L) production in western Canada. The pathogen causes severe rot in the root, cortex, and epicotyl of field pea resulting in stunting, yellow and wilting leaves, or plant death. Aphanomyces root rot develops because of zoosporic or myceliogenic infection when oospores germinate to form germ sporangia and germ tubes, respectively. Until the recent introduction of the fungicide INTEGOTM Solo (ethaboxam) and Vibrance® Maxx RFC, there was no fungicide available in Canada that effectively suppresses or controls aphanomyces root rot in field pea. Additional control measures are needed, and one addition to chemical control is the development of bacterial inoculants that interrupt the pathogen’s lifecycle and ultimately control or reduces disease expression in the host plant. This study comprised laboratory studies aimed at isolating and identifying antagonistic bacteria against A. euteiches mycelia and zoospore growth stages, and growth chamber trials that examined efficacy of antagonistic bacteria as biocontrol agents against aphanomyces root rot in field pea. Soils were collected from 43 commercial field pea fields across Saskatchewan. Initial screening of antagonistic bacteria was completed by assessing mycelia growth inhibition of A. euteiches in vitro. Growth inhibition of each antagonistic bacterium was further evaluated using a dual plate assay technique where single colonies of the antagonistic bacterial isolates were inoculated at two opposite edges on a PDA plate and a plug of A. euteiches mycelia was placed in the center of the plate. Additionally, a preliminary screening assay utilizing a dual plate technique was employed to assess 170 bacterial isolates for biocontrol activity against A. euteiches. These 170 bacterial isolates were from a previously existing bacteria culture collection of roots associated rhizobacteria from a variety of field crops. The antagonistic bacterial isolates were also assayed for in vitro zoospore germination inhibition. A total of 184 antagonistic bacteria, of which 22 were from a previously existing bacteria culture collection, that inhibited the mycelia stage of A. euteiches were identified using the initial screening assay. Of these, 47 inhibited zoospore germination by 75% or more compared to a control assay plate. The mean mycelial growth inhibition potential of the isolates ranged from 1 mm to 12 mm whereas the mean zoospore germination inhibition potential of the isolates ranged from 0 to 100 %. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequencing, the antagonistic bacterial isolates were placed into 18 different genera with Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Paenibacillus, Lysobacter and Streptomyces being the top five containing 45, 32, 29,17 and 12 antagonistic bacterial isolates, respectively. Bacterial isolates that inhibited mycelia growth and zoospore germination by 75% or more were selected for further evaluation in growth chamber trials. In the first set of experiments (Trial 1) pea plants were grown in vermiculite and inoculated with antagonistic bacterial suspensions and A. euteiches zoospores. Four weeks after planting, the pea plants were harvested, and roots assessed for level of disease development. Isolates which significantly suppressed aphanomyces root rot in vermiculite were further evaluated as soil inoculants in pot experiments using non-sterile field soil (Trial 2). Screening of 47 antagonistic bacteria as bioinoculants in growth chamber Trial 1 identified 29 that significantly (α = 0.05) suppressed or reduced aphanomyces root rot in field pea. Of these, 20 isolates were selected and screened as soil inoculants in a second set of experiments (Trial 2) and three isolates produced the highest biocontrol activity and significantly (α = 0.05) suppressed or reduced aphanomyces root rot in field pea. From the findings of this research, it can be concluded that the A. euteiches lifecycle can be interrupted using rhizosphere bacteria and hence these bacterial isolates may be used as biocontrol agents to suppress or reduce aphanomyces root rot in field pea. Variations of inhibition potential among isolates suggests that the mechanisms by which biocontrol is achieved such as the production and secretion of inhibitory compounds and/or the mode of action exerted by the inhibitory metabolites likely varies among isolates. The results of this research indicate the potential promise for the development of microbial biocontrol agents. Further studies aimed at assessing the efficacy of the promising isolates under field conditions in Saskatchewan and other manipulative studies that would maximize biocontrol potential and their effective utilization are a necessary next step

BIOCONTROL OF ROOT ROT COMPLEX IN FIELD PEA AND LENTIL AND COMPLETE GENOME ANALYSIS OF BIOCONTROL BACTERIA

Aphanomyces root rot (ARR), caused by the soil-borne oomycete pathogen, Aphanomyces euteiches, is a destructive disease of legumes, most notably to field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.). It commonly occurs as root rot complex (RRC) along with other soil-borne pathogens, including Fusarium avenaceum and F. oxysporum, which collectively result in significant crop damage leading to complete loss of productivity. Currently, in Canada, the available management strategies against RRC are inadequate. However, a recent study at the University of Saskatchewan identified soil bacteria, Lysobacter capsici K-Hf-H2, Pseudomonas simiae K-Hf-L9 and Pantoea agglomerans PSV1-7, as potential biocontrol agents against ARR in field pea under controlled growth chamber condition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to i) investigate the potential for biological control of RRC caused by A. euteiches, F. avenaceum and F. oxysporum and ii) unravel the mechanisms by which biocontrol was achieved. To achieve these objectives, L. capsici K-Hf-H2, P. simiae K-Hf-L9 and P. agglomerans PSV1-7 were evaluated against RRC in field pea and lentil under controlled growth chamber conditions, and the strains’ whole genomes were sequenced, annotated, and comparatively analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Also, laboratory-based general functional experiments, siderophores production, proteolytic and cellulolytic capacities, and desiccation tolerance were conducted. Additionally, the current state of the science "biological control of ARR" was determined via a quantitative meta-analysis review using data extracted from published articles investigating the biocontrol of ARR in pea. My meta-analysis findings suggest potential for biological control of ARR and the need for more field trials to demonstrate the higher efficacy level observed under growth chamber conditions. Compared to P. simiae K-Hf-L9 and P. agglomerans PSV1-7, L. capsici K-Hf-H2 demonstrated the highest significant biocontrol efficacy against RRC in field pea and lentil, with higher efficacy in field pea. Moreover, my genome analyses identified several genes and gene clusters encoding various traits potentially involved in the suppression of RRC. Such genetic determinants detected in L. capsici K-Hf-H2 genome include genes encoding for Heat Stable Antifungal Factor (HSAF), endoglucanase (cellulase), chitinase, extracellular zinc proteases (metalloendopeptidase), aminopeptidases and siderophores. In P. simiae K-Hf-L9 and P. agglomerans PSV1-7 genomes, gene and gene clusters encoding iron acquisition, chitin metabolism and protein degradation were detected. I also found evidence that L. capsici K-Hf-H2, P. simiae K-Hf-L9 and P. agglomerans PSV1-7 chelate iron through siderophore production and hydrolyze protein via proteolytic activity. Furthermore, L. capsici K-Hf-H2 and P. simiae K-Hf-L9 were positive for cellulolytic activity. Therefore, my findings indicate the great potential of biological control of RRC in field pea and lentil. Also, the findings in this study represent a significant contribution to the effort of biological control of RRC in field pea and lentil in Canada

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s Intake from Beverages in the United States

Heavy metals in beverages can pose health risks in an exposure-dependent manner, however, few studies in the United States have evaluated their metal content and health risks. This study determined the concentrations of eight metal(loid)s, As, Al, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in 60 beverages via inductively coupled plasma[sbnd]mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The highest median concentrations (µg/kg) were found in mixed fruit juices for Ni (45.7), Cr (14.8), and As (4.5); tea for Mn (5,300), Al (730), and Pb (1.4); and plant-based milk for Zn (835) and Cd (1.1). Chronic daily intake (CDI) across age groups was calculated using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Potential noncarcinogenic health risks were assessed via Hazard Quotients (HQ), and Hazard Indices (HI) for all elements and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was assessed for total As, Cd, Ni, and Pb. About 58–67 % of the samples showed no noncarcinogenic risk (HQ and HI \u3c 1). HQ \u3e 1 was found in 19 samples for As, Zn, Ni, and Mn, and HI \u3e 1 in 6 additional samples (n = 25), mostly affecting children under 10, with three samples posing risk beyond adolescence. Significant carcinogenic risk (10−2 to 10−4) was found for As, Cd, and Ni across all beverage categories. This study highlights the need for consumer awareness and policy review

Evaluation of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Processed Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecuL.) Flour Substituted Injera

Injera, is cultural food of some East African Countries particularly Ethiopia, Eritrea and to some extent Somalia which prepared from cereals such as teff, sorghum and maize. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) provides various active compounds that are essential for health promotion, disease prevention and food preservation. It can be exploited as functional and nutritional foods as well as therapeutic agent. This study was conducted to evaluate phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity of fenugreek (roasted, germinated or raw) flour substituted teff injera. Phytochemical contents of total flavonoid content (TFC) and total condensed tannin content (TCTC) of fenugreek substituted injera were determined using aluminum chloride colorimetric and vanillin HCl assay methods respectively.  DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl) scavenging (%) and reducing power were taken as evaluation parameters for determination of antioxidant capacity of fenugreek substituted injera. The highest TFC (117.4 ± 1.56 mg of cathechin equivalent/g of dried extract) and TCTC (18.44 ± 0.48 mg of cathechin equivalent/g of dried extract) contents were found in 5% roasted and 5% raw fenugreek substituted injera respectively. The 5% roasted fenugreek substituted injera showed strongest, DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.27 ± 0.05 mg/mL) and ferric ion reducing power (IC50 =0.89 ± 0.05 mg/mL) than the other tested injera samples. In conclusion substitution of processed (roasted and germinated) fenugreek flour with teff flour showed more improvement in antioxidant capacity and total flavonoid content than that of raw fenugreek flour substituted injera. Keywords: Phytochemical contents, Antioxidant capacity, processed fenugreek flour, teff flour DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/91-02 Publication date:October 31st 201

Effect of bottled fluoridated water to prevent dental caries in primary teeth: study protocol for a phase 2 parallel-group 3.5-year randomized controlled clinical trial (waterBEST)

Background Fluoridation of public water systems is known as a safe and effective strategy for preventing dental caries based on evidence from non-randomized studies. Yet 110 million Americans do not have access to a fluoridated public water system and many others do not drink tap water. This article describes the study protocol for the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) of fluoridated water that assesses its potential dental caries preventive efficacy when delivered in bottles. Methods waterBEST is a phase 2b proof-of-concept, randomized, quadruple-masked, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial designed to estimate the potential efficacy of fluoridated versus non-fluoridated bottled water to prevent dental caries incidence in the first 4 years of life. Two hundred children living in eastern North Carolina, USA, and aged 2–6 months at screening are being allocated at random in a 1:1 ratio to receive fluoridated (0.7 mg/L F) or non-fluoridated bottled water sourced from two local public water systems. Throughout the 3.5-year intervention, study water is delivered monthly in 5-gallon bottles to each child’s home with instructions to use it whenever the child consumes water as a beverage or in food preparation. Parents are interviewed quarterly to monitor children’s water consumption and health. At annual visits, the presence of dental caries is evaluated with a dental screening examination. Clippings from fingernails and toenails are collected to quantify fluoride content as a biomarker of total fluoride intake. The primary endpoint is the number of primary tooth surfaces decayed, missing, or filled due to dental caries measured by the study dentist near the time of the child’s fourth birthday. Tooth decay is assessed at the threshold of macroscopic enamel loss. For the primary aim, a least-squares, generalized linear model will estimate efficacy and its one-tailed, upper 80% confidence limit. Discussion waterBEST is the first evaluation of a randomized intervention of fluoridated drinking water in bottles to prevent dental caries in the primary dentition. This innovative method of delivering fluoridated water has the potential to prevent early childhood caries in a large segment of the US population that currently does not benefit from fluoridated public water.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04893681. Registered on March 2022. Last update posted on 10 October 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04893681?cond=Dental%20Caries%20in%20Children&term=fluoride&locStr=North%20Carolina,%20USA&country=United%20States&state=North%20Carolina&distance=50&rank=