The Chinese Meaning of Just War and Its Impact on the Foreign Policy of the People’s Republic of China

The image of China’s peaceful rise, which the Chinese government is keen to enforce in the world, stands in contrast to the view of China’s ascent as a threat. China’s economic and military growth is perceived as a potential threat to the (East) Asian security structure and as a challenge to the preponderance of the United States. Even though the PRC is more active in international and regional organizations—and better integrated in the international community—than ever before, the ambiguity of China’s true political intentions is still dominant. The focus of this analysis is the Chinese tradition of Just War and its benefits for an enhanced understanding of contemporary Chinese foreign policy. The tradition of Just War has rarely been studied, but the search for an understanding of Just War in Chinese traditional thinking can, nevertheless, assist in the analysis of China’s current foreign policy. Whether China’s foreign policy is benign or malignant or whether China dominates Asia is, therefore, “profoundly uncertain.” With regard to foreign policy analysis, the differentiation between the regional and the international levels might help to transcend the predominant understanding of Chinese foreign policy in international relations theory.China’s foreign policy, Just War theory, Confucianism, harmonious world

The Chinese Meaning of Just War and Its Impact on the Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China

The image of China's peaceful rise, which the Chinese government is keen to enforce in the world, stands in contrast to the view of China's ascent as a threat. China's economic and military growth is perceived as a potential threat to the (East) Asian security structure and as a challenge to the preponderance of the United States. Even though the PRC is more active in international and regional organizations - and better integrated in the international community - than ever before, the ambiguity of China's true political intentions is still dominant. The focus of this analysis is the Chinese tradition of Just War and its benefits for an enhanced understanding of contemporary Chinese foreign policy. The tradition of Just War has rarely been studied, but the search for an understanding of Just War in Chinese traditional thinking can, nevertheless, assist in the analysis of China's current foreign policy. Whether China's foreign policy is benign or malignant or whether China dominates Asia is, therefore, 'profoundly uncertain'. With regard to foreign policy analysis, the differentiation between the regional and the international levels might help to transcend the predominant understanding of Chinese foreign policy in international relations theory.Das Bild vom friedlichen Aufstieg Chinas, das von der chinesischen Regierung verbreitet wird, steht im Gegensatz dazu, dass Chinas wirtschaftlicher und militärischer Aufstieg als mögliche Bedrohung für die Sicherheitsstruktur (Ost-)Asiens und als Herausforderung der US-amerikanischen Vorherrschaft betrachtet wird. Obwohl die VR China noch nie so aktiv in der internationalen Gemeinschaft war wie heute, besteht Unsicherheit bezüglich ihrer wahren politischen Absichten. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die chinesische Tradition des gerechten Krieges, um ein erweitertes Verständnis von der gegenwärtigen chinesischen Außenpolitik zu gewinnen. Die Vorstellung vom gerechten Krieg ist bisher nur selten untersucht worden, dennoch kann es die Analyse der gegenwärtigen chinesischen Außenpolitik bereichern, die bereits im alten China vorliegenden entsprechenden Ideen einzubeziehen. Die Auseinandersetzung mit dem chinesischen Verständnis vom gerechten Krieg und mit dessen Anwendung auf Chinas Außenpolitik sensibilisiert zudem dafür, zwischen verschiedenen Ebenen der Analyse zu unterscheiden. So kann die Differenzierung zwischen regionaler und internationaler Ebene helfen, das vorherrschende Verständnis von der chinesischen Außenpolitik in den internationalen Beziehungen zu transzendieren

Regionale Ordnungen in politischen Räumen. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie regionaler Ordnungen

Seit einiger Zeit stehen Regionen (wieder) auf der Agenda der Theoriediskussionen in den Internationalen Beziehungen. Es ist u.a. von einer „emerging regional architecture of world politics“ die Rede und von der Zukunft eines „multiregional system of international relations“ oder sogar einer „world of regions“. In dieser Perspektive geht es gegenwärtig nicht mehr allein um die Frage, welche Strukturvorgaben des internationalen Systems für eine neue Weltpolitik zu berücksichtigen sind. Vielmehr ist mit Blick auf die regionalen Ordnungen erforderlich zu fragen, wann und unter welchen Umständen die Strukturen und Akteurskonstellationen für regionale Kontexte überhaupt Bedeutung haben. Allerdings ist der politiktheoretische Status der Regionen in den Internationalen Beziehungen alles andere als klar. Mit diesem Beitrag werden zwei Ziele verfolgt: Einerseits wird die bisherige Diskussion mithilfe von drei Schlüsselkonzepten – Kooperation, Regionale Sicherheitskomplexe und Externalitäten – strukturiert; andererseits wird das konzeptionelle Verhältnis von Regionen, politischen Räumen und regionalen Ordnungen diskutiert. Dabei werden Kriterien – geografische Lage, politische Entscheidungen, Drittwirkungen dieser Entscheidungen – vorgestellt, die eine weiterführende Analyse verschiedener Typen regionaler Ordnungen ermöglichen.regionale Ordnung, Region/Regionalismus, Theorien Internationaler Beziehungen

Chinas Ankunft in der Welt – Chinesische Außenpolitik zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit

With an increasing traffic intensity the demands on vehicular safety is higher than ever before. Active safety systems that have been developed recent years are a response to that. In this master thesis Sensor Fusion is used to combine information from a laser scanner and a microwave radar in order to get more information about the surroundings in front of a vehicle. The Extended Kalman Filter method has been used to fuse the information from the sensors. The process model consists partly of a Constant Turn model to describe the motion of the ego vehicle as well as a tracked object. These individual motions are then put together in a framework for spatial relationships to describe the relationship between them. Two measurement models have been used to describe the two sensors. They have been derived from a general sensor model. This filter approach has been used to estimate the position and orientation of an object relative the ego vehicle. Also velocity, yaw rate and the width of the object have been estimated. The filter has been implemented and simulated in Matlab. The data that has been recorded and used in this work is coming from a scenario where the ego vehicle is following an object in a quite straight line. Where the ego vehicle is a truck and the object is a bus. One important conclusion from this work is that the filter is sensitive to the number of laser beams that hits the object of interest. No qualitative validation has been made though

Regional Orders in Political Spaces. A Contribution to the Theory of Regional Orders

Seit einiger Zeit stehen Regionen (wieder) auf der Agenda der Theoriediskussionen in den Internationalen Beziehungen. Es ist u.a. von einer 'emerging regional architecture of world politics' die Rede und von der Zukunft eines 'multiregional system of international relations' oder sogar einer 'world of regions'. In dieser Perspektive geht es gegenwärtig nicht mehr allein um die Frage, welche Strukturvorgaben des internationalen Systems für eine neue Weltpolitik zu berücksichtigen sind. Vielmehr ist mit Blick auf die regionalen Ordnungen erforderlich zu fragen, wann und unter welchen Umständen die Strukturen und Akteurskonstellationen für regionale Kontexte überhaupt Bedeutung haben. Allerdings ist der politiktheoretische Status der Regionen in den Internationalen Beziehungen alles andere als klar. Mit diesem Beitrag werden zwei Ziele verfolgt: Einerseits wird die bisherige Diskussion mithilfe von drei Schlüsselkonzepten - Kooperation, Regionale Sicherheitskomplexe und Externalitäten - strukturiert; andererseits wird das konzeptionelle Verhältnis von Regionen, politischen Räumen und regionalen Ordnungen diskutiert. Dabei werden Kriterien - geografische Lage, politische Entscheidungen, Drittwirkungen dieser Entscheidungen - vorgestellt, die eine weiterführende Analyse verschiedener Typen regionaler Ordnungen ermöglichen.The concept of regions is once again on the agenda of international relations theory (IRT). Scholars are speaking of an 'emerging regional architecture of world politics' - or the future of a 'multiregional system of international relations' or even a 'world of regions'. The question is no longer which structural parameters of the international system are determining world politics, but rather - with regard to regional orders - when and under what conditions structures and actors actually become important (gain meaning) for regional contexts. The heuristic status of regions in IRT, however, remains vague. The purpose of this article is twofold: firstly, we structure the previous debate around three key concepts: cooperation, regional security complex, and externalities; secondly, we discuss the conceptual link between regions, political spaces, and regional orders. Finally, we introduce central criteria such as geographic proximity, political decision-making, and the effects of interactions on third-parties which further facilitate related work on different types of regional orders

Parameter estimators of random intersection graphs with thinned communities

This paper studies a statistical network model generated by a large number of randomly sized overlapping communities, where any pair of nodes sharing a community is linked with probability $q$ via the community. In the special case with $q=1$ the model reduces to a random intersection graph which is known to generate high levels of transitivity also in the sparse context. The parameter $q$ adds a degree of freedom and leads to a parsimonious and analytically tractable network model with tunable density, transitivity, and degree fluctuations. We prove that the parameters of this model can be consistently estimated in the large and sparse limiting regime using moment estimators based on partially observed densities of links, 2-stars, and triangles.Comment: 15 page

Correlation between clustering and degree in affiliation networks

We are interested in the probability that two randomly selected neighbors of a random vertex of degree (at least) $k$ are adjacent. We evaluate this probability for a power law random intersection graph, where each vertex is prescribed a collection of attributes and two vertices are adjacent whenever they share a common attribute. We show that the probability obeys the scaling $k^{-\delta}$ as $k\to+\infty$. Our results are mathematically rigorous. The parameter $0\le \delta\le 1$ is determined by the tail indices of power law random weights defining the links between vertices and attributes

No end of history: a Chinese alternative concept of international order?

There is no end of history. Francis Fukuyama's famous claim has turned into quite the opposite. Today, liberal democracies and the Western concept of international order are being permanently challenged by an increase in political and economic crises, global and local dissent with established mechanisms of international affairs, and other political ideologies. These challenges increase the leverage of newly emerging actors such as China to push forward alternative ideas of international order. Among all the different Chinese foreign policy initiatives announced by President Xi Jinping, China's "One Belt, One Road" initiative clearly stands out. It is by far the most comprehensive and visible Chinese initiative of the last three years. China's OBOR initiative is regarded as a vision for building up a comprehensive cultural, economic, and political network that promotes connectivity and cooperation between countries, regions, and cities along the Silk Road. Furthermore, the OBOR initiative is flexible, inclusive, and open. OBOR has the potential to grow into an alternative idea showing how the common space of international politics could be organized in the future. Consequently, OBOR challenges the still dominating Western vision of the international system and could effectively transform the existing structure of the current international order. For this reason, this study aims to conceptualize China's OBOR initiative in a broader context. Instead of only focusing on specific mechanisms linked to OBOR, such as, for example, the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank, it develops an analytical approach that also highlights the various dimensions of China's OBOR initiative. (Autorenreferat