La littérature enfantine: un outil pour nourrir ou apaiser les peurs des enfants ?

Le thème principal de cette recherche étant la littérature enfantine, l'objectif premier a été de déterminer quelle influence l'utilisation des livres pour enfants, mettant de plus en plus en scène des loups ou des sorcières, peut-elle avoir auprès des enfants d'âge préscolaire. Afin d'enrichir la réflexion, j'ai choisi de rencontrer une éducatrice de l'enfance oeuvrant actuellement dans le domaine de la littérature enfantine et étant, par conséquent, directement touchée par le thème choisi. La proximité entretenue par cette professionnelle avec les différents récits proposés par les EDE au sein des structures d'accueil de l'enfance permet, en effet, de confirmer l'influence que peuvent avoir certaines histoires auprès des tout-petits

Comment l'éducatrice de l'enfance, par le biais de la littérature jeunesse, encourage-t-elle le développement global de l'enfant âgé entre 0 et 3 ans ?

Le but principal de cette recherche est de démontrer comment l’éducatrice de l’enfance, par le biais de la littérature jeunesse, encourage le développement global de l’enfant de 0 à 3 ans. J’ai pu répondre à cette question de départ grâce au développement de différents concepts (la littérature jeunesse, le développement global de l’enfant de 0-3 ans, le langage, l’outil pédagogique et le rôle de l’EDE). Une autre question s’est alors posée : Est-ce que l’utilisation quotidienne de moments lecture partagée permet (à son échelle) de réduire des inégalités sociales, culturelles et développementales ? La réponse (obtenue par mes recherches théoriques et mes interviews) est oui. J’ai ensuite rencontré, lors de mes entretiens, des personnes qui oeuvrent pour la promotion de la littérature enfantine en Suisse romande. Elles ont créé des projets, des outils (comme la Chenille, le Tournelivres et les formations continues) qui vont aider les professionnels de l’enfance à apprivoiser le livre et surtout à leur faire prendre conscience de l’impact que la littérature enfantine et le récit peuvent avoir sur le destin social d’un enfant

Brucellosis in terrestrial wildlife

The epidemiological link between brucellosis in wildlife and brucellosis in livestock and people is widely recognised. When studying brucellosis in wildlife, three questions arise: (i) Is this the result of a spillover from livestock or a sustainable infection in one or more host species of wildlife? (ii) Does wildlife brucellosis represent a reservoir of Brucella strains for livestock? (iii) Is it of zoonotic concern? Despite their different host preferences, B. abortus and B. suis have been isolated from a variety of wildlife species, whereas B. melitensis is rarely reported in wildlife. The pathogenesis of Brucella spp. in wildlife reservoirs is not yet fully defi ned. The prevalence of brucellosis in some wildlife species is very low and thus the behaviour of individual animals, and interactions between wildlife and livestock, may be the most important drivers for transmission. Since signs of the disease are non-pathognomonic, defi nitive diagnosis depends on laboratory testing, including indirect tests that can be applied to blood or milk, as well as direct tests (classical bacteriology and methods based on the polymerase chain reaction [PCR]). However, serological tests cannot determine which Brucella species has induced anti-Brucella antibodies in the host. Only the isolation of Brucella spp. (or specifi c DNA detection by PCR) allows a defi nitive diagnosis, using classical or molecular techniques to identify and type specifi c strains. There is as yet no brucellosis vaccine that demonstrates satisfactory safety and effi cacy in wildlife. Therefore, controlling brucellosis in wildlife should be based on good management practices. At present, transmission of Brucella spp. from wildlife to humans seems to be linked to the butchering of meat and dressing of infected wild or feral pig carcasses in the developed world, and infected African buffalo in the developing world. In the Arctic, the traditional consumption of raw bone marrow and the internal organs of freshly killed caribou or reindeer is an important risk factor.bacteriologyBrucella sppBrucellosisEpidemiologyLivestock/wildlife interfaceSerologyWildlifePublishe

Structure-activity relationships on adrenoceptors and imidazoline-preferring binding sites (I(1,2)-PBSs). Part 1: Weak intramolecular H-bond and conformational flexibility in a new I1-PBS-selective imidazoline analogue, trans1-(4',5'-dihydro-1'H-imidazol-2'-yl)methyl-2-hydroxyindane (PMS 952).

The highly selective I1-PBS imidazoline analogue PMS 952 has been selected to study the incidence of intramolecular hydrogen bond and molecular flexibility on its biological activity. On one hand, the weak energy difference between three calculated conformers does not support the stabilization of one conformer by an internal hydrogen bond. The 3-D electrostatic map confirms this feature and the solvent effect does not significantly modify the relative energy of these conformers. On the other hand, the conformational spaces of the neutral and ionized forms present a great number of equilibrium structures, in a short energetic range (20 Kcal). The results are representative of an exceptional conformational flexibility due to a cooperative effect between several parts of the molecule

Entrance and survival of <i>Brucella pinnipedialis</i> hooded seal strain in human macrophages and epithelial cells

Marine mammal Brucella spp. have been isolated from pinnipeds (B. pinnipedialis) and cetaceans (B. ceti) from around the world. Although the zoonotic potential of marine mammal brucellae is largely unknown, reports of human disease exist. There are few studies of the mechanisms of bacterial intracellular invasion and multiplication involving the marine mammal Brucella spp. We examined the infective capacity of two genetically different B. pinnipedialis strains (reference strain; NTCT 12890 and a hooded seal isolate; B17) by measuring the ability of the bacteria to enter and replicate in cultured phagocytes and epithelial cells. Human macrophage-like cells (THP-1), two murine macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7 and J774A.1), and a human malignant epithelial cell line (HeLa S3) were challenged with bacteria in a gentamicin protection assay. Our results show that B. pinnipedialis is internalized, but is then gradually eliminated during the next 72 – 96 hours. Confocal microscopy revealed that intracellular B. pinnipedialis hooded seal strain colocalized with lysosomal compartments at 1.5 and 24 hours after infection. Intracellular presence of B. pinnipedialis hooded seal strain was verified by transmission electron microscopy. By using a cholesterol-scavenging lipid inhibitor, entrance of B. pinnipedialis hooded seal strain in human macrophages was significantly reduced by 65.8 % (± 17.3), suggesting involvement of lipid-rafts in intracellular entry. Murine macrophages invaded by B. pinnipedialis do not release nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular bacterial presence does not induce cell death. In summary, B. pinnipedialis hooded seal strain can enter human and murine macrophages, as well as human epithelial cells. Intracellular entry of B. pinnipedialis hooded seal strain involves, but seems not to be limited to, lipid-rafts in human macrophages. Brucella pinnipedialis does not multiply or survive for prolonged periods intracellulary

Highly specific and sensitive non-radioactive molecular identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi

In response to the need for a faster, more reliable method for identifying Phytophthora cinnamomi in cork oak soils in Portugal, a simple, fast, sensitive molecular identification method is described. It is based on a colorimetric assay which involves an oligonucleotide capture probe covalently immobilised on microtitration wells, a multi-biotinylated oligonucleotide detection probe and the PCR-amplified target DNA. The target DNA is a 349 bp DNA fragment partially covering the 3'-translated and 3'- untranslated regions of the cinnamomin gene. When the specificity of the PCR reaction was evaluated in vitro using isolates of P. cinnamomi and eight other Phytophthora species, including the related P. cambivora, it was specific to P. cinnamomi. When 30 isolates of P. cinnamomi from oak roots in southern Portugal were assayed, 26 gave a strong positive response. The assay has a sensitivity of about 2±5 genome equivalents of P. cinnamomi. The reason for the negative response of four isolates remains unclear

Experimental Challenge of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) with a Brucella pinnipedialis Strain from Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata)

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Non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from slaughter pigs in Mubende district, Uganda

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The importance of infections caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in animals and humans has gained considerable recognition during the past few years. In the developed world, where pig production is extensively practiced, studies on mycobacterial infections and related control strategies have received increasing attention. The infections are reported to be caused by a wide spectrum of NTM. Unfortunately, these infections have been less recognized in sub-Saharan Africa owing to lack of awareness and systematic studies. In this study we aimed at isolating and identifying species of mycobacteria involved in causing infections in slaughter pigs in Mubende district of Uganda. Furthermore we wanted to identify factors associated with infection prevalence in the study area.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 363 lymph nodes were collected and cultured for the presence of mycobacteria. Isolates were identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. A questionnaire survey was administered to identify production related factors associated with infection prevalence. Data were assembled and analysed using descriptive statistics and mixed effects logistic regression analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mycobacteria were detected in 39 % (143/363) of the examined lymph nodes, 63 % (59/93) of lymph nodes with gross lesions typical of mycobacteriosis and 31% (84/270) of lymph nodes with no visible lesions. Nineteen per cent of the isolated mycobacteria were identified as <it>Mycobacterium (M) avium</it>, of these 78% and 22% were <it>M. avium</it> sub sp. <it>Hominissuis</it> and <it>avium</it> respectively. Other mycobacterial species included <it>M. senuense</it> (16%)<it>, M. terrae</it> (7%) and <it>M. asiaticum</it> (6%). This study found free range systems (OR = 3.0; P = 0.034) and use of water from valley dams (OR = 2.0; P = 0.049) as factors associated with high prevalence of mycobacteria in slaughter pigs.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study demonstrated a high prevalence of NTM infections among slaughter pigs in Mubende district of Uganda. <it>M. avium</it> was the most prevalent of all NTM isolated and identified. Free range system of pig management and valley dam water were the most significant factors associated with NTM prevalence in Mubende district. These findings could be of a major public health concern given that it is in a predominantly pork consuming population with 18% HIV/AIDS prevalence. Therefore, stringent post-mortem inspection at the slaughter houses is of paramount importance to reduce human exposure.</p

The sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and their herders in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan

<div><p>Background</p><p>Brucellosis is a worldwide recognized bacterial zoonotic disease. There is currently no information on bovine brucellosis sero-prevalence in South Sudan regardless of the economic, social and public health impact on populations. Therefore, for the first time in 33 years, we report the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and their herders. Furthermore, we characterize the drivers associated with the disease at the human-animal interface in Bahr el Ghazal region, South Sudan.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 893 and 87 animal and human sera respectively were examined between December 2015 and May 2016. Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (c-ELISA) were used in parallel to detect anti-<i>Brucella</i> antibodies. Questionnaires were administered to collect relevant metadata used for the association analysis in R version 3.2.3. Odds Ratio (OR) and Confidence Intervals (CI) were determined.</p><p>Results</p><p>Overall bovine brucellosis prevalence was 31% (95%CI = 28.0–34.2), with the highest 63% (95%CI = 53–70) and lowest 10% (95%CI = 4.5–20.1) prevalence estimates in Wau and Gogrial states respectively. The bovine sero-prevalence was approximately equally distributed among the male 30.4% (26.9–34.2) and the females 32.5% (26.8–38.7). Poor body condition (OR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.07–0.54) and larger herd sizes (OR = 0.05; 95%CI = 0.008–0.173) were protective factors for brucellosis, while the opposite was true for the second (OR = 1.70; 95%CI = 1.08–2.67) and third (OR = 2.5; 95%CI = 1.46–4.47) lactation stage. The overall brucellosis sero-prevalence in herders was estimated at 33.3% (23.9–44.3).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We report a high prevalence of anti-<i>Brucella</i> antibodies in cattle and their herders in Bahr el Ghazal, indicating an enzootic status in the cattle population being an important source of infection for humans. This represents a genuine public health challenge. Therefore, there is need to raise awareness and build capacity and infrastructure in this fragile state to underwrite future public health strategies for brucellosis.</p></div