Non-Intrusive Assessment of COVID-19 Lockdown Follow-Up and Impact Using Credit Card Information: Case Study in Chile

In this paper, we propose and validate with data extracted from the city of Santiago, capital of Chile, a methodology to assess the actual impact of lockdown measures based on the anonymized and geolocated data from credit card transactions. Using unsupervised Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) semantic topic discovery, we identify temporal patterns in the use of credit cards that allow us to quantitatively assess the changes in the behavior of the people under the lockdown measures because of the COVID-19 pandemic. An unsupervised latent topic analysis uncovers the main patterns of credit card transaction activity that explain the behavior of the inhabitants of Santiago City. The approach is non-intrusive because it does not require the collaboration of people for providing the anonymous data. It does not interfere with the actual behavior of the people in the city; hence, it does not introduce any bias. We identify a strong downturn of the economic activity as measured by credit card transactions (down to 70%), and thus of the economic activity, in city sections (communes) that were subjected to lockdown versus communes without lockdown. This change in behavior is confirmed by independent data from mobile phone connectivity. The reduction of activity emerges before the actual lockdowns were enforced, suggesting that the population was spontaneously implementing the required measures for slowing virus propagation.This work has the support of CONICYT-PFCHA/DOCTORADO BECAS CHILE/2019-21190345. This work has been partially supported by FEDER funds through the MINECO project TIN2017-85827-P. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 777720. Instituto Milenio para la Investigacion Imperfecciones de Mercado y Politicas Publicas IS130002

More pumas (Puma concolor) does not change perceptions: The mismatched response of ranchers to the presence of a top carnivore

The dataset that supports the findings of this study are archived in the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid data repository e‐cienciaDatos in https://doi.org/10.21950/IHY9VGHuman-wildlife conflicts (HWCs) are one of the most critical conservation challenges worldwide. Large carnivores are frequently at the centre of these conflicts because of the perceived and real threats they pose to livestock and human safety. Determining social perceptions and attitudes towards carnivores plays a vital role in shaping conservation policies that ensure the sustainable coexistence of humans and wildlife. We conducted structured interviews with livestock ranchers in the proposed Torres del Paine UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (Chilean Patagonia) in 2011 and 2018. We recorded information regarding their perceptions of puma presence, the potential danger pumas pose to livestock, livestock losses, and the need to control puma populations. We predicted puma distributions in both periods using MaxEnt to determine whether predicted puma presence explained ranchers' perceptions of pumas or any change in their perceptions over the course of the study. Puma distribution models predicted that the puma has expanded across the study area and that the likelihood of puma relative abundance within ranches increased over time. Despite this, ranchers did not change their perceptions of puma abundance or the losses they suffer from puma predation. Neither did they feel an increased need to manage the puma population. Furthermore, ranchers reported an increase in the perception that pumas are a threat to livestock in the second study period, but this perception was not linked to the likelihood of puma presence. We found a mismatch between the actual probability of puma presence and ranchers' perceptions, which remained mostly unchanged, suggesting that there are underlying social factors driving their perceptions about puma –livestock conflict regardless of actual puma presence and the losses they experience. Synthesis and applications. Results show that ranchers' perceptions are at odds with actual patterns of puma distribution. However, the increased perceived risks associated with puma's expansion would likely increase reported HWC. Given that the study area is home to what may be the densest puma population reported, and that some ranches benefit from puma-related tourism, while others bear the costs of increasing pumas in the region, the socioecological situation may be a conservation conundrum about to boilPartial support for UAM researchers was provided by Comunidad de Madrid \u2010Consejeria de Educacion e Investigacion\u2010 to the REMEDINAL TE\u2010CM Network (P2018/EMT\u20104338) and by Universidad de Chile

Identification of a Bacteria-produced Benzisoxazole with Antibiotic Activity against Multi-drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

The emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogenic bacteria represents a serious and growing threat to national healthcare systems. Most pressing is an immediate need for the development of novel antibacterial agents to treat Gram-negative multi-drug resistant infections, including the opportunistic, hospital-derived pathogen, Acinetobacter baumannii. Herein we report a naturally occurring 1,2-benzisoxazole with minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 6.25 μg ml−1 against clinical strains of multi-drug resistant A. baumannii and investigate its possible mechanisms of action. This molecule represents a new chemotype for antibacterial agents against A. baumannii and is easily accessed in two steps via de novo synthesis. In vitro testing of structural analogs suggest that the natural compound may already be optimized for activity against this pathogen. Our results demonstrate that supplementation of 4-hydroxybenzoate in minimal media was able to reverse 1,2-benzisoxazole’s antibacterial effects in A. baumannii. A search of metabolic pathways involving 4-hydroxybenzoate coupled with molecular modeling studies implicates two enzymes, chorismate pyruvate-lyase and 4-hydroxybenzoate octaprenyltransferase, as promising leads for the target of 3,6-dihydroxy-1,2-benzisoxazole

Small RNA-based antimicrobial immunity

Protection against microbial infection in eukaryotes is provided by diverse cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here, we present a comparative view of the antiviral activity of virus-derived small interfering RNAs in fungi, plants, invertebrates and mammals, detailing the mechanisms for their production, amplification and activity. We also highlight the recent discovery of viral PIWI-interacting RNAs in animals and a new role for mobile host and pathogen small RNAs in plant defence against eukaryotic pathogens. In turn, viruses that infect plants, insects and mammals, as well as eukaryotic pathogens of plants, have evolved specific virulence proteins that suppress RNA interference (RNAi). Together, these advances suggest that an antimicrobial function of the RNAi pathway is conserved across eukaryotic kingdoms

Resumenes proyectos de investigacion en psicologia Financiamiento fondo nacional de desarrollo cientifico y tecnologico - FONDECYT aprobados año 2014

Durante el año 2014 se resolvieron los concursos FONDECYT regular 2014 y de Iniciación a la investigación 2013. En el concurso de Iniciación a la Investigación, se presentaron 703 proyectos, de los cuales fueron aprobaron 308. De estos, 6 corresponden a Psicología (de un total de 20 proyectos postulados), por un valor de 358.897 millones de pesos, lo que constituye el 1,5% del total del financiamiento otorgado en esta categoría. En el concurso regular, de 1286 proyectos postulados, se aprobaron para financiamiento 581. De estos, 21 proyectos corresponden a Psicología (de un total de 45 presentados), por un valor de 2.097.829 millones, lo que equivale al 3,0% del monto total asignado a este concurso. Se presentan en este artículo especial, resúmenes de20 proyectos aprobados para el área, los cuales comenzaron a ejecutarse en noviembre del 2013 (iniciación) y que estarán ejecutándose hasta el periodo 2016-2017. During 2012 the Grants from FONDECYT for Regular Competitions 2014 and for Introduction to Research 2013 were resolved. For Introduction to Research, 703 projects was submitted and 308 projects were approved. Of these, 6 corresponded to Psychology (from a total of 20 projects nominated), with an amount of 358.897 million pesos, representing 1,5 % of total awarded  funding in this category. In Regular Competition, from 1286 projects submitted for funding and 581 were approved. Of these, 21 projects are from Psychology (out of 45 submitted), valued at 2.097.829 million, equivalent to 3,0% of the total amount allocated for this competition. In this special report, summaries from 20 projects approved in the area are presented. They began to run in November 2013 (Introduction) and will run until the period 2016-201

Erro médico: a perspectiva de estudantes de medicina e direito

Nas últimas décadas, houve um crescimento das implicações em sociedade do erro médico, assunto em que se entrelaçam Medicina e Direito. Este estudo procurou conhecer a percepção de estudantes de Medicina e Direito sobre erro médico, avaliando nível de interesse e informação, e a necessidade de abordar o tema na graduação e como ela ocorre para cada área, na sua ótica. Estudo observacional descritivo transversal foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (MG) em 2008 com 185 alunos de Medicina e 119 de Direito. 88,7% dos alunos de Medicina (MED) e 92,4% de Direito (DIR) referiram conhecimento sobre erro médico. O interesse se dá por ser um tema muito discutido atualmente. Os alunos consideram necessária sua abordagem na graduação (97,8% MED e 94,9% DIR). É importante discutir um tema tão atual na graduação de Medicina e de Direito pela contribuição que pode ser oferecida para diminuir o ciclo vicioso de erros, iatrogenias e processos jurídicos, além de possibilitar uma reflexão acerca do papel da educação médica na construção ética de novos profissionais

Voluntary turnover in the Omani public sector: an Islamic values perspective

Following four decades of economic growth the public sector in Oman is experiencing an emerging problem of labour turnover to the private sector. We examine this phenomenon through semi-structured interviews with 26 current and former public employees. The rate of turnover is low but this masks the impact of losses to key technical and management roles. The main reasons for turnover are dissatisfaction with management style, reward practices and promotion opportunities. Findings are interpreted in the context of Islamic work values and implications for public management reform in Oman are given