Some new reactions and some new syntheses of long-chain unsaturated acids

Part I. The preparation and reactions of long-chain acids containing sulphur. Much is known about long-chain hydroxy esters and the epoxides which can be derived from them but information about the corresponding sulphur compounds is sparse. Using various methods, methyl 12-mercaptostearate, methyl 9-mercaptostearate, methyl 12-mercapto-oleate, methyl 12-mercapto-elaidate, methyl 9(10)-mercaptostearate, methyl 12"hydroxy-9(10)-mercaptostearate, methyl 9-hydroxy-12(13)-mercaptostearate and 1-mercapto-octadec-4- and 5-ene have been prepared. In reaction with sodium hydrogen sulphide without the rigorous exclusion of air the major product produced from methyl 9-mesyloxy- octadec-cis-12-enoate was methyl 9,12-epithiostearate. A similar result was observed with another -mercapto alkene (1-mercapto-octadec-4-ene) and with a 8-mercapto alkene (l-mercapto-octadec-5-ene), but not with a hydroxy alkene (methyl ricinoleate). For confirmation of these conclusions methyl 9,12-epithiostearate was synthesised by an independent and unambiguous route. By an extension of the procedures applied for monomercapto esters, 1,2-dithiols (methyl erythro- and threo-9,10-dlmercapto- stearate), a 1,3-dithiol (methyl 10,12-dimercaptostearate), and a 1,4-dithiol (methyl 9,12-dimercaptostearate) have been prepared from the corresponding dihydroxy compounds. The 1,3- and 1,4-dithiols are readily converted to cyclic epidisulphides by oxidation. The infrared, NMR and mass spectral properties of these compounds have been investigated. 1,2-Epithiostearates (methyl cis and trans-9,10-epistearate) have been prepared by two different routes and their chromatographic (TLC, GLC) and spectroscopic (NMR, MS) behaviour studied. Part II: The synthesis of some C₁₆ and C ₁₈-acids of geneal formula CH₃ (CH₂)[sub]m(CH=CH)[sub]n CO₂H. Commercially available trienoic (△ 2, 4, 6) and tetraenoic acids (△2, 4, 6, 8) of medium chain length have been used successfully in the study of acyl-CoA synthetases of medium chain length specificity. But their activity with long chain acyl-CoA synthetases is rather low. The synthesis of C ₁₆ and C ₁₈ trienoic and tetraenoic acids has therefore been examined. The triene esters were successfully prepared by the reaction of appropriate aldehydes with phosphonates prepared from methyl 6-bromo-hexa-2,4-dienoate and the tetraene esters by interaction of 2,4-dienals with a phosphorane. The C₁₂, C₁₄ and C₁₆ dienals were prepared from l-methoxybut-1-en-3-yne by condensation with the appropriate saturated aldehyde. The chromatographic (GLC) and spectroscopic (UV, IR, NMR, and MS) properties of these acids have been examined and some simple thiol esters made. Their biochemical use as reagents for the estimation of long-chain Co-A synthetases is being conducted elsewhere

A Collision Tumor Consisting of Granular Cell Tumor and Adenocarcinoma in the Uterus of an Aged Djungarian Hamster

A neoplastic nodular lesion consisting of an admixture of granular cell tumor and adenocarcinoma was found in the uterus of a 26-month-old Djungarian hamster. Neoplastic cells of the uterine adenocarcinoma showed an epithelial nature in their growth patterns and by cytokeratin-immunopositive reaction, exhibiting nuclear pleomorphism. The granular cells had an abundant amount of fine granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and eccentric or central nuclei with no nuclear atypia; the granular structures were positive for periodic acid-Schiff with diastase resistance and were confirmed as lysosomes/autophagosomes by electron microscopy; immunohistochemically, the cells reacted to desmin, vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin and negatively for neurogenic, histiocyte/macrophage or epithelial markers, indicating smooth muscle origin. Because these tumors were generated from different cell origins, a diagnosis of collision tumor was made

Psychosocial consequences of female infertility in Iran: a meta-analysis

Background: Although not a life-threatening condition, infertility does influence various aspects of life. Based on a meta-analysis of the relevant literature, the aim of this study is to identify the psychosocial consequences of infertility in Iranian women. Methods: Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences, Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Noormags, MEDLIB, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Medline, and ProQuest were the databases searched from inception (1999) to 2018. To maximize the comprehensiveness of the search, the reference lists of all the relevant papers identified were manually examined. The evaluation of the content was based on PRISMA guidelines, and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software was used for data analysis. Results: Based on the analysis of 124 quantitative papers, the psychosocial consequences of infertility in women in Iran can be classified into 14 categories: psychological well-being (effect size = 3.10), adaptation to infertility (effect size = 2.71), quality of life (effect size = 1.83), depression (effect size = 1.80), anxiety (effect size = 1.72), marital relationships (effect size = 1.37), personality disorders (effect size = 1.37), violence (effect size = 1.31), social support (effect size = 0.90), self-efficacy (effect size = 0.90), coping strategies (effect size = 0.84), irrational thoughts (effect size = 0.77), somatization disorders (effect size = 0.65), and sexual dysfunction (effect size = 0.55). Conclusion: Considering the wide-ranging psychosocial consequences of infertility in women, it is necessary for treatment to account for psychological factors

The effect of four weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the Left ventricular muscle tissue of the heart obese rats with type 2 diabetic

Purpose: The pathway for a Rapamycin target in mammals (mTORC1) is one of the important pathways for protein synthesis in the heart, and diabetes can lead to disorder of this pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the left ventricular muscle tissue of the heart obese rats with type 2 diabetic.Methods: In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (with mean weight of 300 ± 20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ and nicotinamide was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for four weeks’ accordance with the training program for four weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data.Results:  There was no significant difference change the total form content of the AKT1 proteins (p=0.56), mTOR (p=0.50), P70S6K1 (p=0.99) and 4E-BP1 (p=0.32) in the training group compared to the control group; Also, the HIIT training did not significantly changed the phosphorylated form content of AKT1ser473 (p=0.25), mTORser2448 (p=0.74), P70S6K1Thr389 (p=0.37) and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 (p=0.38) proteins in the training group compared to the control group.Conclusion: HIIT training has not significantly changed the total and phosphorylated form content of the AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the left ventricle of heart tissue obese rats with type 2 diabetic

East Coast Fever Caused by Theileria parva Is Characterized by Macrophage Activation Associated with Vasculitis and Respiratory Failure

Respiratory failure and death in East Coast Fever (ECF), a clinical syndrome of African cattle caused by the apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, has historically been attributed to pulmonary infiltration by infected lymphocytes. However, immunohistochemical staining of tissue from T. parva infected cattle revealed large numbers of CD3- and CD20-negative intralesional mononuclear cells. Due to this finding, we hypothesized that macrophages play an important role in Theileria parva disease pathogenesis. Data presented here demonstrates that terminal ECF in both Holstein and Boran cattle is largely due to multisystemic histiocytic responses and resultant tissue damage. Furthermore, the combination of these histologic changes with the clinical findings, including lymphadenopathy, prolonged pyrexia, multi-lineage leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia is consistent with macrophage activation syndrome. All animals that succumbed to infection exhibited lymphohistiocytic vasculitis of small to medium caliber blood and lymphatic vessels. In pulmonary, lymphoid, splenic and hepatic tissues from Holstein cattle, the majority of intralesional macrophages were positive for CD163, and often expressed large amounts of IL-17. These data define a terminal ECF pathogenesis in which parasite-driven lymphoproliferation leads to secondary systemic macrophage activation syndrome, mononuclear vasculitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure and death. The accompanying macrophage phenotype defined by CD163 and IL-17 is presented in the context of this pathogenesis

Gross anatomy and morphometry of selected visceral organs of broiler chicken at different age groups

A lot of diseases develop pathognomonic lesions in some visceral organs. It is important to know the normal anatomy, morphometry and color of these visceral organs to find out the changes due to specific diseases during necropsy. Considering these views, the research was planned to make a baseline data on the visceral organs of broiler chickens. A total of 50 broiler with the age of 2 and 4 weeks, 25 in each age groups, were euthanized and liver, lungs, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and ceca were collected at necropsy. The length, breadth, thickness, weight and volume of each organ were recorded using measuring scale, electric balance and water displacement. The liver was flattened and deep reddish brown in color. The mean weight, length, width and thickness of right and left lobes at the age of 2 weeks were 12.94±1.34 g, 6.0±0.36 cm, 3.20±0.16 cm, 0.62±0.23 cm; and 5.70±0.14 cm, 1.80±0.22 cm and 0.62±0.14 cm, respectively. On the other hand, at 4 weeks they were 43.12±3.61 g, 9.07±0.31 cm, 4.73±0.38 cm, 0.83±0.17 cm; and 7.10±0.29 cm, 3.47±0.20 cm and 0.80±0.14 cm for the right and left lobes, respectively. The lungs were nearly rectangular, unlobed, bright red in color. The mean weight of lungs of 2 and 4 week were 1.94±0.15 g and 8.02±1.09 gm, respectively. The length, width and volume of lungs were 2.27±0.21 cm, 2.30±0.08 cm, 1.57±0.33 cc and 3.30±0.16 cm, 2.43±0.26 cm, 8.00±0.81 cc at the age of 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The spleen was oval, reddish brown in color. The weight, length and diameter of spleen at 2 weeks were 0.56±0.25 g, 1.40±0.29 cm and 2.63±0.39 cm while those at 4 weeks were 1.90±0.41 g, 1.93±0.14 cm, and 4.10±0.28 cm. The bursa of Fabricius was round, cream colored having a diameter of 3.57±0.17 cm and 3.97±0.16 cm, respectively at 2 and 4 weeks of age. The diameters of left and right cecum at 2 and 4 week of age were 1.93±0.40 cm and 3.10±0.36 cm; 1.97±0.25 cm and 2.87±0.66 cm respectively.&#x0D; Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 555-563</jats:p