PROSES PENCIPTAAN GAMBANG RANCAG DALAM KONTEKS, FUNGSI, MAKNA, DAN MODEL PELATIHAN DI MASYARAKAT

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi dan menggambarkan proses penciptaan gambang rancag dalam konteks, fungsi, makna, dan model pelatihan di masyarakat. Pertanyaan penelitian: (1) bagaimana pencipta; (2) bagaimana teks; (3) bagaimana penonton; (4) bagaimana cerminan masyarakat; (5) bagaimana konteks, fungsi, dan makna; serta (6) bagaimana model pelatihan gambang rancag di masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode etnografi pada kajian tradisi lisan, dengan teknik: observasi, wawancara, dan dokumen. Teknik analisis data tradisi gambang rancag ini menggunakan pendekatan etnopuitika G.L. Koster, terutama untuk menganalisis proses penciptaan. Selanjutnya, seluruh komponen tersebut dikaitkan satu dengan yang lain hingga ditemukan makna signifikan, termasuk analisis konteks dan fungsi. Selanjutnya, makna dianalisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan antropologi, sosiologi, dan teori identitas. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. Pertama, proses penciptaan dalam konteks pertunjukan meliputi: (1) pencipta, yakni perancag menggunakan konsep mengingat dengan bantuan formula, pada perancag generasi tua lebih mahir melakukan “ngaleter” atau improvisasi daripada perancag generasi muda; (2) teks dalam proses penciptaan dirangkai oleh perancag menggunakan ingatan dengan bantuan skema alur, perwatakan, tema, formula, bunyi, dan gaya, ketika teks dituturkan oleh perancag tidak dihafal tetapi sebagai composition in performance, yaitu teks digubah secara improvisasi; (3) penonton pada pertunjukan gambang rancag tidak selalu pasif, namun berinteraksi dalam proses penciptaan teks rancag; (4) cerminan masyarakat dalam teks rancag pada umumnya merupakan kejadian sebenarnya yang selalu diingat; (5) konteks pertunjukan gambang rancag, bahwa dalam setiap pertunjukan gambang rancag tidak ada komposisi yang sama. Kedua, dalam hal pemaknaan dan fungsi meliputi: (6) pemaknaan terhadap proses penciptaan teks mencerminkan sifat egaliter; (7) fungsi gambang rancag selalu ada proses mengingat dan melupakan; dan (8) gambang rancag sebagai kearifan lokal yang sarat dengan mitos. Ketiga (9) proses penciptaan teks gambang rancag dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai model pelatihan di masyarakat. Kata Kunci: proses penciptaan, pencipta, teks, penonton, cerminan masyarakat, fungsi, makna, model pelatihan. The goal of this research is to explore and describe the creation process of the gambang rancag in context, function, meaning and training model in community. The research questions: (1) how is the creator, (2) how is the text, (3) how is the audience, (4) how is the reflection of the community, (5)how is the context, function and the meaning: and (6) how the training model of gambang rancag in community. This research is a qualitative research with ethnographic method on oral tradition research, with technique:observation ,interview and documents. This gambang rancag data analysis used G.I. Koster’s ethno poetic approach especially to analyze the creation process. Then, all components were connected one to each other so it found the significant meaning, including the context analysis and the function. Next ,the meaning was analyzed using anthropology, sociology, and identity theory approach. The research results were as follows :first, , the creation process in performance context covered : (1) The creator, the perancag used memorizing concept with formula help, the older perancag generation is more capable in doing “ngaleter” or improvisation than the younger one;(2)Text, in the creation process is arranged by “perancag” using memory with plot scheme help, character, theme, formula, sound ,and style, when the text is told by” perancag”,it was not memorized but as the composition in performance , that the text is arranged by improvisation; (3)The audience in gambang rancag show was not always passive, but made some interactions in rancag text creation process; (4)community reflection in rancag text generally is the real fact that always remembered. (5)In every gambang rancag performance there is no same composition.The second, in the meaning and functions, covered; (6) the meaning towards the process of the creation reflected the egalitarian characteristic; (7) In the function of gambang rancag there is always a remembering process and forgeting process; and (8) gambang rancag as the local wisdom was full of myths. The third (9) the gambang rancag creation process can be used as the training model in community. Key Words : creation process, creator, text, audience, community reflection, function, meaning, training model

Stool Xpert® MTB/RIF test for the diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis at primary clinics in Zimbabwe.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of Xpert® MTB/RIF on stool samples from children with clinical suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) at primary care clinics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional diagnostic evaluation enrolling 5-16 year olds from whom one induced sputum (IS) sample was tested for microbiological TB confirmation. Results of a single stool sample tested using Xpert were compared against microbiologically confirmed TB, defined as a positive result on sputum microscopy and/or culture and/or IS Xpert. RESULTS: Of 222 children enrolled, 218 had complete microbiological results. The median age was 10.6 years (interquartile range 8-13). TB was microbiologically confirmed in 19/218 (8.7%) children. Of these, respectively 5 (26%), 9 (47%) and 15 (79%) were smear-, culture- and IS Xpert-positive. Stool Xpert was positive in 13/19 (68%) microbiologically confirmed cases and 4/199 (2%) microbiologically negative cases. Stool Xpert detected 76.9% (10/13) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected and 50% (3/6) of non-HIV-infected children with microbiologically confirmed TB (P = 0.241). CONCLUSION: Stool Xpert is a potential alternative screening test for children with suspected TB if sputum is unavailable. Strategies to optimise the diagnostic yield of stool Xpert assay need further study

Supporting better decisions across the nexus of water, energy and food through earth observation data:Case of the Zambezi basin

The water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has been promoted in recent years as an intersectional concept designed to improve planning and regulatory decision-making across the three sectors. The production and consumption of water, energy and food resources are inextricably linked across multiple spatial scales (from the global to the local), but a common feature is competition for land which through different land management practices mediates provisioning ecosystem services. The nexus perspective seeks to understand the interlinkages and use systems-based thinking to frame management options for the present and the future. It aims to highlight advantage and minimise damaging and unsustainable outcomes through informed decisions regarding trade-offs inclusive of economic, ecological and equity considerations. Operationalizing the WEF approach is difficult because of the lack of complete data, knowledge and observability – and the nature of the challenge also depends on the scale of the investigation. Transboundary river basins are particularly challenging because whilst the basin unit defines the hydrological system this is not necessarily coincident with flows of food and energy. There are multiple national jurisdictions and geopolitical relations to consider. Land use changes have a profound influence on hydrological, agricultural, energy provisioning and regulating ecosystem services. Future policy decisions in the water, energy and food sectors could have profound effects, with different demands for land and water resources, intensifying competition for these resources in the future. In this study, we used Google Earth Engine (GEE) to analyse the land cover changes in the Zambezi river basin (1.4 million km²) from 1992 to 2015 using the European Space Agency annual global land cover dataset. Early results indicate transformative processes are underway with significant shifts from tree cover to cropland, with a 4.6 % loss in tree cover and a 16 % gain in cropland during the study period. The changes were found to be occurring mainly in the eastern (Malawi and Mozambique) and southern (Zimbabwe and southern Zambia) parts of the basin. The area under urban land uses was found to have more than doubled during the study period gearing urban centres increasingly as the foci for resource consumption. These preliminary findings are the first step in understanding the spatial and temporal interlinkages of water, energy and food by providing reliable and consistent evidence spanning the local, regional, national and whole transboundary basin scale

Gambaran Perilaku Hidup Bersih Dan Sehat (Phbs) Sekolah Pada Siswa Kelas Akselerasi Di SMPN 8 Manado

: Program Clean and Healthy Behavior (PHBS) is a government program launched in 2006 which aims to change people's behavior is not healthy to be healthy. Basic research in the School PHBS eight indicators of research are: wash hands with running water and soap, using latrines clean and healthy, exercise regularly and measurable, eradicate mosquito larvae, do not smoke at school, weigh and measure the height of each 6 months, dispose of garbage in its place. The purpose of this study was to determine the picture of student acceleration PHBS in SMPN 8 Manado. This study is descriptive conducted in December 2011 - January 2012. Target population in this study were all students acceleration A and B which amounts to 56 students. The sampling method used is the total population and the number of samples 56 students. The results showed that students' knowledge SMP acceleration PHBS 8 Manado to school is good, where 90.4% of students are aware of the PHBS school. Students' attitudes toward acceleration PHBS Manado SMPN 8 school is good, where 89% agreed to the concept of school PHBS. Measures students acceleration PHBs SMPN 8 Manado against the school is good, with 68% of the students practice their knowledge

On the use of late-time drawdown in interpreting aquifer pumping test

The review aims to provide a common understanding of the use of late-time drawdown to interpret aquifer pumping tests. The first part of the review provides an overview of the use of the late-time drawdown in literature to illustrate where and how the term is being used. A discussion on the practical implications of using the term and its significance is then presented. The review shows the use of the late-time drawdown in three main ways: the application of the Cooper and Jacob time-drawdown method, the description of the third segment of the unconfined aquifer drawdown-time curve, and when trying to estimate representative/effective transmissivity parameters in heterogeneous aquifers. Unlike the other two situations, the use of late-time data in typical unconfined aquifers is supported by the groundwater flow principles and hence has a meaningful application. The aspects highlighted in this review are important to improve the theoretical and practical knowledge required for analysing and interpreting aquifer pumping test data

The Millennium Development Goals and communication for development: a study of Malawi and Zambia

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg September 2015The year 2000 witnessed a significant convergence of global policy positions. These positions range from the neoliberal regime which gained traction in the mid-1990s, participatory development models of the 1980s, and the technocratic approach to development of the late 1990s. Despite their ideological differences, these policy positions found co-existence in the (MDGs) and have framed how poverty is globally understood and how it should be addressed, including the use of communication especially the media to promote or fast track poverty reduction projects. This thesis is a critical analysis of the extent to which the United Nations (UN) Communication for Development strategy of 2007 has been used in Kamaila Village in Zambia and Mwandama Village in Malawi to implement MDG-related projects. The two villages were chosen because they have been exposed to different models of poverty reduction activities. The Mwandama Village project is part of the Millennium Village Project where a holistic approach is applied to address poverty, while the Kamaila Village is a beneficiary of a water project which is considered to be important to kick-start village-driven poverty reduction activities. Even though the two villages have been used as units of analysis, the main goal of this study was to examine the two policy documents as texts – the MDG and the UN Communication for strategy – how the discourse and narratives that inform them and their relationship with power, shape social practices and behaviour at national and village level. The study also sought to establish how language operates within the context of power relations by applying theories of global governance, knowledge and power, hegemony, participatory and media communication. The methodology used to gather data consists of a critical discourse analysis on the policy documents and qualitative interviews with different respondents from the villagers, the UN system, NGOs, media and governments. Through a combination of these theoretical frameworks and methodologies, this study has shown that the narratives and discourses that inform the MDGs are influenced by western actors who use the power of money to pursue their neoliberal interests under the guise of reducing poverty. The link between political power, the poverty reduction ideas and interests of elite actors saturates and remotely controls available policy spaces for participation with external knowledge and rules, starting from the UN system down to the villages thereby enabling neoliberal ideas to control the flow of knowledge and the construction of discourses. Despite attempts to harness local modes of social communication to transmit the neoliberal notions of poverty in the villages, individual villagers have discursively devised ways of maintaining their own ‘traditional’ ways of life. This highlights that poverty reduction discussions must not be too obsessed with controlling or changing people’s minds and behaviour but seek to understand the grassroots’ lifestyles as a baseline for informed intervention. Ignoring this baseline knowledge is one of the many reasons development has failed dismally since the 1950s because it is driven by capital interests from the top to bottom with less or no intentions to address poverty. In addition, the ability of media messages to influence practices and behaviour remains a contested arena. But as this study established, the strength of messages to alter social practices has its limitations because behaviour is a manifestation of several factors such as environment, context, biology, genealogy and culture, some of which are not linked to communication. However, communication within the context of the villagers is part of their way of exchanging or transmitting ideas and knowledge in producing and reproducing their culture and not to eliminate it. This thesis makes scholarly contribution through the use of a critical approach to international policy formulation, and participation within a globalised world. While several studies have analysed the link between communication and poverty reduction privileging the neoliberal construction of these themes, this study has demonstrated that the grassroots are not unthinking; they have a well-being, cultural context and communication ecology which needs to be understood first and respected. These findings expose the tensions between the neoliberal interests-driven elite view of poverty and the local way of viewing well-being

Brucellosis at the Wildlife/Livestock/Human Interface

There are a number of bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases present at the Wildlife/livestock/human interface. Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of importance and highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The important Brucella species at the wildlife/livestock/human interface are Brucella arbortus, Brucella suis, and Brucella melitensis. These species have been isolated from humans, livestock (cattle and goats), and wildlife (African buffalo and giraffe). A lot of studies indicated that density, herd size, age of cow, reduced veterinary services like vaccination programs, and geographical area are associated with Brucella prevalence. Studies in developing countries have indicated that the disease is more prominent in the both commercial and communal farming sectors. Access and consumption of contaminated foods and/or occupational exposure remain the significant source of infection to humans. The pathogen transmission of brucellosis is bidirectional in nature; hence, for control efforts to be successful, cooperation is required between livestock owners, animal health officials, and wildlife managers. Globally, trend is moving toward focusing on “one health,” which recognizes that human, animal (both domestic and wild), and ecosystems are tightly linked. The successful management of disease requires an integrated approach where efforts are focused in concert across these domains. Climate change, increased human populations, and increased interaction at wildlife/livestock/human interface have resulted in the change of brucellosis dynamics

A discrete graph Laplacian for signal processing

In this thesis we exploit diffusion processes on graphs to effect two fundamental problems of image processing: denoising and segmentation. We treat these two low-level vision problems on the pixel-wise level under a unified framework: a graph embedding. Using this framework opens us up to the possibilities of exploiting recently introduced algorithms from the semi-supervised machine learning literature. We contribute two novel edge-preserving smoothing algorithms to the literature. Furthermore we apply these edge-preserving smoothing algorithms to some computational photography tasks. Many recent computational photography tasks require the decomposition of an image into a smooth base layer containing large scale intensity variations and a residual layer capturing fine details. Edge-preserving smoothing is the main computational mechanism in producing these multi-scale image representations. We, in effect, introduce a new approach to edge-preserving multi-scale image decompositions. Where as prior approaches such as the Bilateral filter and weighted-least squares methods require multiple parameters to tune the response of the filters our method only requires one. This parameter can be interpreted as a scale parameter. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by applying the method to computational photography tasks that utilise multi-scale image decompositions. With minimal modification to these edge-preserving smoothing algorithms we show that we can extend them to produce interactive image segmentation. As a result the operations of segmentation and denoising are conducted under a unified framework. Moreover we discuss how our method is related to region based active contours. We benchmark our proposed interactive segmentation algorithms against those based upon energy-minimisation, specifically graph-cut methods. We demonstrate that we achieve competitive performance

The Vertebrate Scavenger Community Along a Boreal Forest-Alpine Gradient: The Importance of Ungulate Management, Small Rodent Cycles and Winter Climate

While the importance of carrion and scavenging is increasingly acknowledged, there are relatively few empirical studies of the scavenging community in Fennoscandia. There is limited knowledge on how habitat and potentially important drivers like winter climate, productivity, human subsidies or small rodent cycles affects the scavenger guild. The objectives of my thesis were to investigate 1) the structure of the winter scavenger community across a forest-alpine gradient in central Scandinavia and the effects of temperature and snow depth; 2) effects of large quantities of gut piles left behind during the moose (Alces alces) harvest on scavenging communities and the influence of energy content and gut pile density on scavenging patterns; 3) how fluctuating small rodent abundance, landscape productivity and snow depth affected red fox scavenging during autumn and winter in forest and alpine habitat. To meet these objectives camera traps were set up on gut piles from moose harvest in autumn and on baits consisting of frozen blocks of discarded reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) meat, fat and connective tissue in winter. Spatial variation in snow depth along the forest-alpine gradient interact with habitat to shape the structure of the scavenger community, while the impact of snow depth and temperature on species richness were weak in both forest and alpine habitats. When examining species separately diverse effects were observed, and most variation in individual species occurrence at baits was also explained by snow depth and habitat. Increasing snow depth only had negative effect on occurrence at baits for the species with stronghold in forest. The habitat generalists, and the alpine species showed no effect from climatic conditions at baits in alpine areas, but occurrence at baits in forest declined with decreasing snow depth and increasing temperature for red fox (Vulpes Vulpes), common raven (Corvus corax) and wolverine (Gulo gulo). Besides from the forest species Eurasian jay (Garrulus glandarius) which had a high probability of occurrence in forest, the habitat generalists red fox, common raven and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) dominated in both habitats. Depletion of gut piles was dependent on the different quality of gut pile parts, the energy rich parts were depleted first, and several times faster than the parts with lower energy content. This resulted in large differences in the magnitude and the duration between the parts with high and low energy content, where the latter accumulated to higher densities and was present a long time after the end of the moose hunting season. Corvids arrived early at gut piles and their presence at gut piles decreased with gut pile age, probably reflecting depletion of gut pile parts with high energy content. Mammal presence at gut piles peaked at intermediate gut pile densities and I propose that lower mammal presence at high gut pile densities is due to resource saturation during this period. I found contrasting patterns of red fox scavenging between forest and alpine habitat. I suggest that variation in red fox presence at alpine baits between the different phases of the small rodent cycle mostly reflects variation in red fox abundance. High red fox presence at alpine baits in the winter after the peak in rodent abundance is probably a numerical response, reflecting high red fox reproduction the preceding summer. In forest I found scavenging patterns probably reflecting a functional response. Red fox scavenging increased with low small rodent availability, when the snow was deep during winters of low small rodent abundance. Red fox scavenging on gut piles in autumn was not affected by small rodent phase, which may imply that gut piles is not a secondary choice for foxes.Mens viktigheten av åtsler og åtselspising får økende annerkjennelse, er det relativt få empiriske studier av åtseletersamfunnet i Fennoskandia. Det er begrenset kunnskap om hvordan habitat og potensielt viktige drivere som vinterklima, produktivitet, menneskelige subsidier eller smågnagersykluser påvirker åtseletersamfunnet. Målsetningene med denne avhandlingen var å undersøke 1) strukturen til åtseletersamfunnet langs en skog-fjell gradient i sentrale deler av Skandinavia, og effekten av temperatur og snødybde om vinteren; 2) hvilken effekten de store mengder slakteavfall etter elgjakten har på åtseletersamfunnet, og hvilken effekt slakteavfallets energiinnhold og mengde har på utnyttelsen av slakteavfallet; 3) hvordan varierende tetthet av smågnagere, produktivitet og snødybde påvirker rødrevens bruk av åtsler om høsten og vinteren, både i skog og fjell. For å nå målsettingene ble det satt opp viltkamera på slakteavfall fra elgjakta om høsten og på åter bestående av frosne blokker med avskjær fra tamreinslakting bestående av kjøtt, fett og bindevev, om vinteren. En interaksjon mellom variasjon i snødybde langs skog-fjell gradienten og habitat forklarte best strukturen i åtseletersamfunnet, mens effekten av snødybde og temperatur på artsrikdommen var svak både i skog- og fjellhabitat. Analysene av enkeltarters tilstedeværelse på åter viste varierende effekter, men storparten av variasjonen forklares med snødybde og habitat. Økende snødybde viste negative effekter, men bare for arter med tyngdepunkt i skogshabitat. Habitatgeneralistene og fjellartene viste ingen effekt av klimatiske forhold i fjellet, men tilstedeværelsen til rødrev, ravn og jerv ble redusert på åter i skogen med minkende snødybde og økende temperatur. Ved siden av skogsarten nøtteskrike som hadde stor sannsynlighet for tilstedeværelse på åter i skogen, dominerte habitatgeneralistene rødrev, ravn og kongeørn i begge habitater. Kvaliteten på forskjellige deler av slakteavfallet hadde betydning for hvor fort de ble fjernet av åtseleterne. De mest energirike delene ble fjernet først, og mye raskere en delene med lavt energiinnhold. Dette resulterte i store forskjeller på mengden og varigheten for deler med høyt og lavt energiinnhold, hvor sistnevnte ble akkumulert til større mengder og var tilgjengelig lenge etter slutten på elgjaktsesongen. Kråkefugler fant slakteavfallet tidlig og deres tilstedeværelse minket med økende alder på slakteavfallet, noe som trolig reflekterer at eldre slakteavfall i mindre grad har deler med høyt energiinnhold. Tilstedeværelse av pattedyr var størst ved middels tetthet av slakteavfall og jeg foreslår at lavere tilstedeværelse av pattedyr når antallet tilgjengelig slakteavfall er størst skyldes ressursmetning i denne perioden. Jeg fant ulike mønstre I rødrevens åtselbruk mellom skog og fjell. Jeg foreslår at variasjonen i rødrevens tilstedeværelse på åter i fjellet mellom forskjellige faser i smågnagersyklusen først og fremst reflekterer variasjon i antall rødrever. Høy tilstedeværelse av rødrev på åter i fjellet om vinteren etter smågnagertopper er sannsynligvis en numerisk respons, som reflekterer høy reproduksjon hos rødreven sommeren før. I skog reflekterer sannsynligvis bruken av åter en funksjonell respons. Rødrevens bruk av åtene økte når tilgjengeligheten til smågnagere var lav, dvs. når snøen var dyp under bunnåret i smågnagersyklusen. Rødrevens bruk av slakteavfall om høsten var ikke påvirket av smågnagersyklusen, noe som kan bety at slakteavfall ikke er at andrevalg for rødreven.publishedVersio