Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Tramadol Hydrochloride

Purpose: To prepare, and evaluate in vitro and in vivo tramadol hydrochloride mouth dissolving tablets (MDT).Methods: Tramadol HCl MDT were prepared by direct compression using Pharmaburst as coprocessed excipient and compared with a reference product (Rybix ODT, 50 mg). Physicochemical parameters including hardness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time and dissolution studies were determined for all the formulations. In-vivo studies were performed for the optimized formulation (F13), using as reference, a commercial product (Trambax IR, 50 mg), by a two-way crossover design under fasting conditions on eight healthy adult human subjects. Drug-plasma concentrations obtained from the bioequivalence study for test and reference products were analyzed in each subject by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and basic pharmacokinetic parameters, including Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, AUC0-∞, t½ and λz, were calculated.Results: The tablet formulation prepared with Pharmaburst (F13) showed good flow properties, low disintegration time (15 s) and improved drug release (99 % at 30 min) compared with those of the reference product (88 % at 30 min) and passed 6 months accelerated stability test. Bioequivalence of the test product with that of the reference product under fasting conditions was established by computing 90 % confidence interval for the In-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters of Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ for tramadol. The 90 % confidence intervals for Cmax were 99.70 - 114.31, for AUC0-t 97.31 - 108.87 and for AUC0-∞ 97.17 - 109.75. This confidence interval, in each case, was within bioequivalence criteria limitConclusion: A suitable preparation of tramadol HCl MDT that is bioequivalent with a reference commercial product under fasting condition can be obtained when Pharmaburst is used as a disintegrant.Keywords: Bioequivalence, dissolution, Mouth dissolving tablets, Pharmaburst, Tramadol hydrochloride, Disintegration tim

Awareness and Attitude of beneficiaries towards Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme in Prakasham District of Andhra Pradesh, India

The present study was carried out using Ex-post facto research design as the event had already occurred. The study was conducted during 2021-22 by selecting state Andhra Pradesh and district Prakasham as the researcher hales to this region and also due to low literacy levels there was a need to bring more awareness about the programme to the women.  For this study, four blocks were selected from the district. From each block two villages were choosed and from each village 10 respondents were selected using random sampling constituting a sample of 80 beneficiaries. The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of structured interview schedule. The findings revealed that, most of them were having medium level (62.50%) of awareness towards the scheme, followed by high level (37.50%) and then low level  (25.00%) of  awareness towards the scheme. The study revealed that two-third (67.50%) of the beneficiaries were having neutral attitude towards the scheme, followed by 17.50% with negative attitude and the remaining (15.00%) had positive attitude towards the scheme

Custom Scan Stitch Techniques to Reduce Scan Wire Length and Test Cost

This disclosure describes techniques to reduce scan wire length and test cost when performing a scan stitch for complex circuit designs. Per techniques of this disclosure, design compressor-decompressors (Codecs) are utilized for inter-scan and intra-scan partitions to tackle the problem of inter-scan path distance. In a first method, additional embedded deterministic tests (EDTs) and Codecs are inserted into the design and logical scan partitioning is performed to reduce overall scan wire length. In a second method, a logical scan partition mesh is generated for the design without any additional EDTs, based on which DFT partitions are created. These are then connected using intra-scan chains and inter-scan chains to reduce the overall scan wire length. The techniques can be utilized to reduce overall scan wire length, total wire length, the number of vias, combinational area, internal power consumption, test time, test cost, etc. by enabling a higher shift frequency

Test Point Insertion in VLSI to Optimize Area and Power Consumption

Complex application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) often include uncontrollable or unobservable logic, posing a significant testing challenge. This disclosure describes test-point insertion (TPI) techniques that reduce the number of test-point components in ASICs by reusing existing functional sequential elements, thereby reducing leakage current, power consumption, and design area. Per the techniques, functional flip-flops which can potentially be used as control or observe test-points are identified. An additional exclusive-or (XOR) gate is added on existing functional paths to get observability. The control and observe test-point nodes are separated and categorized as ‘control test point list’ and ‘observe test point list’. To effect area- and power-efficient TPI, for each node in each list, a target register is identified; its clock domain is determined; a proximal, clock-domain-aligned candidate scan flip-flop is identified; conflicts checked for; and the output of the scan flip-flop or of the XOR gate is connected to the control logic circuitry

Regulation of rDNA Transcription by Proto-Oncogene PELP1

Proline-, glutamic acid-, and leucine-rich protein (PELP1) is a novel nuclear receptor coregulator with a multitude of functions. PELP1 serves as a scaffolding protein that couples various signaling complexes with nuclear receptors and participates as a transcriptional coregulator. Recent data suggest that PELP1 expression is deregulated in hormonal cancers, and that PELP1 functions as a proto-oncogene; however, the mechanism by which PELP1 promotes oncogenesis remains elusive.Using pharmacological inhibitors, confocal microscopy and biochemical assays, we demonstrated that PELP1 is localized in the nucleolus and that PELP1 is associated with the active ribosomal RNA transcription. Cell synchronization studies showed that PELP1 nucleolar localization varies and the greatest amount of nucleolar localization was observed during S and G2 phases. Using pharmacological compounds and CDK site mutants of PELP1, we found that CDK's activity plays an important role on PELP1 nucleolar localization. Depletion of PELP1 by siRNA decreased the expression of pre-rRNA. Reporter gene assays using ribosomal DNA (pHrD) luc-reporter revealed that PELP1WT but not PELP1MT enhanced the expression of reporter. Deletion of nucleolar domains abolished PELP1-mediated activation of the pHrD reporter. ChIP analysis revealed that PELP1 is recruited to the promoter regions of rDNA and is needed for optimal transcription of ribosomal RNA.Collectively, our results suggest that proto-oncogene PELP1 plays a vital role in rDNA transcription. PELP1 modulation of rRNA transcription, a key step in ribosomal biogenesis may have implications in PELP1-mediated oncogenic functions

Protecting Test Equipment from Current Surges due to Non-target Blocks

During automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) testing of integrated circuits, collateral clock propagation and high switching activity can occur in partitions not being tested, e.g., within the debug-and-system unit. This unintended activity can generate an excessive current draw that can cause excessive heat generation, potential damage to test probes and boards, reduced test safety, etc. This disclosure describes techniques to mitigate excessive current draw within the debug-and-system unit partition of a system-on-chip (SoC) being scan-tested using ATPG by augmenting the SoC with logic that gates and confines the propagation of the clock to blocks of the chip currently being tested. The techniques reduce test-induced current to safe levels, approaching the expected functional current draw, thereby preventing damage to test probes and boards, alleviating safety concerns, and ensuring the reliability of the silicon testing process

Pyrabactin, an ABA agonist, induced stomatal closure and changes in signalling components of guard cells in abaxial epidermis of Pisum sativum

Pyrabactin, a synthetic agonist of abscisic acid (ABA), inhibits seed germination and hypocotyl growth and stimulates gene expression in a very similar way to ABA, implying the possible modulation of stomatal function by pyrabactin as well. The effect of pyrabactin on stomatal closure and secondary messengers was therefore studied in guard cells of Pisum sativum abaxial epidermis. Pyrabactin caused marked stomatal closure in a pattern similar to ABA. In addition, pyrabactin elevated the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and cytoplasmic pH levels in guard cells, as indicated by the respective fluorophores. However, apyrabactin, an inactive analogue of ABA, did not affect either stomatal closure or the signalling components of guard cells. The effects of pyrabactin-induced changes were reversed by pharmalogical compounds that modulate ROS, NO or cytoplasmic pH levels, quite similar to ABA effects. Fusicoccin, a fungal toxin, could reverse the stomatal closure caused by pyrabactin, as well as that caused by ABA. Experiments on stomatal closure by varying concentrations of ABA, in the presence of fixed concentration of pyrabactin, and vice versa, revealed that the actions of ABA and pyrabactin were additive. Further kinetic analysis of data revealed that the apparent KD of ABA was increased almost 4-fold in the presence of ABA, suggesting that pyrabactin and ABA were competing with each other either at the same site or close to the active site. It is proposed that pyrabactin could be used to examine the ABA-related signal-transduction components in stomatal guard cells as well as in other plant tissues. It is also suggested that pyrabactin can be used as an antitranspirant or as a priming agent for improving the drought tolerance of crop plants

1D-2D MODELING OF URBAN FLOODS AND RISK MAP GENERATION FOR THE PART OF HYDERABAD CITY

Space for water is now becoming guiding principle of urban planning because urban flooding is the major problem facing by most of the cities in India. Urban development in developing countries like India usually occurs with high population concentrating in small areas, with poor drainage conditions. People occupy floodplain areas in low flood years and when larger flood occurs it causes high damage. The origin for urban floods is floodplains encroachment and unplanned drainage systems. Complexities in the urban environment and drainage infrastructure have an inherent influence on surface runoff. This runoff generates urban flooding which poses challenges to modeling urban flood hazard and risk. As like in river flooding satellite images are not available for unban flooding scenario. So better modelling provides minimizing loss of life and property. The present study focuses on recognizing the highly effected areas which are liable to flooding when extreme rainfall occurs for part of Hyderabad city (Zone XIII). The entire Hyderabad city is divided into 16 zones and each zone having details of existing drain network. A coupled 1D-2D flood modelling approach is used to identify flood prone areas and develop flood inundation and flood risk maps. 1D model for pilot area is developed using storm water management model (SWMM) and coupled with 2D PCSWMM. A web based GIS platform INPPINS is used to geo reference the existing network details and exported to 1D SWMM model. The model is simulated for extreme flood event occurred in past. The simulation run results identifies overflowing drainage nodes and flood inundation maps and risk maps prepared. The flood risk maps identify the low lying areas which need immediate attention in case of emergency. The overflowing nodes suggest the need of improvement of drainage in the area to safely dispose of the storm water and minimize the flooding