French-Asian connections : the Compagnies des Indes, Frances's Eastern trade, and new directions in historical scholarship

With the recent rise in global history as a discipline, early modern Europe's Asian trade has become a new focus of interest. In French historiography, however, this still remains marginalized. Some studies of the French East India Companies and the French presence in Asia exist, but the impact of this on metropolitan France remains woefully underexplored. This article outlines the history and historiography of the French East India Companies and their wider role and importance, outlining pathways of both existing, current, and possible future research

Thermal control systems for low-temperature heat rejection on a lunar base

One of the important issues in the lunar base architecture is the design of a Thermal Control System (TCS) to reject the low temperature heat from the base. The TCS ensures that the base and all components inside are maintained within the operating temperature range. A significant portion of the total mass of the TCS is due to the radiator. Shading the radiation from the sun and the hot lunar soil could decrease the radiator operating temperature significantly. Heat pumps have been in use for terrestrial applications. To optimize the mass of the heat pump augmented TCS, all promising options have to be evaluated and compared. Careful attention is given to optimizing system operating parameters, working fluids, and component masses. The systems are modeled for full load operation

Data Quality in Predictive Toxicology: Identification of Chemical Structures and Calculation of Chemical Descriptors

Every technique for toxicity prediction and for the detection of structure–activity relationships relies on the accurate estimation and representation of chemical and toxicologic properties. In this paper we discuss the potential sources of errors associated with the identification of compounds, the representation of their structures, and the calculation of chemical descriptors. It is based on a case study where machine learning techniques were applied to data from noncongeneric compounds and a complex toxicologic end point (carcinogenicity). We propose methods applicable to the routine quality control of large chemical datasets, but our main intention is to raise awareness about this topic and to open a discussion about quality assurance in predictive toxicology. The accuracy and reproducibility of toxicity data will be reported in another paper

Thermal control systems for low-temperature heat rejection on a lunar base

In this report, Rankine-cycle heat pumps and absorption heat pumps (ammonia-water and lithium bromide-water) have been analyzed and optimized for a lunar base cooling load of 100 kW. For the Rankine cycle, a search of several commonly used commercial refrigerants provided R11 and R717 as possible working fluids. Hence, the Rankine-cycle analysis has been performed for both R11 and R717. Two different configurations were considered for the system--one in which the heat pump is directly connected to the rejection loop and another in which a heat exchanger connects the heat pump to the rejection loop. For a marginal increase in mass, the decoupling of the rejection loop and the radiator from the heat pump provides greater reliability of the system and better control. Hence, the decoupled system is the configuration of choice. The optimal TCS mass for a 100 kW cooling load at 270 K was 5940 kg at a radiator temperature of 362 K. R11 was the working fluid in the heat pump, and R717 was the transport fluid in the rejection loop. Two TCS's based on an absorption-cycle heat pump were considered, one with an ammonia-water mixture and the other with a lithium bromide-water mixture as the working fluid. A complete cycle analysis was performed for these systems. The system components were approximated as heat exchangers with no internal pressure drop for the mass estimate. This simple approach underpredicts the mass of the systems, but is a good 'optimistic' first approximation to the TCS mass in the absence of reliable component mass data. The mass estimates of the two systems reveal that, in spite of this optimistic estimate, the absorption heat pumps are not competitive with the Rankine-cycle heat pumps. Future work at the systems level will involve similar analyses for the Brayton- and Stirling-cycle heat pumps. The analyses will also consider the operation of the pump under partial-load conditions. On the component level, a capillary evaporator will be designed, built, and tested in order to investigate its suitability in lunar base TCS and microgravity two-phase applications

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ НЕОБХОДИМОСТИ СОЗДАНИЯ СИСТЕМ КРЕПИ ГОРНЫХ ВЫРАБОТОК ПРИ ПРОХОДКЕ ПО ГЕОВИНЧЕСТЕРНОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ

Обґрунтовано актуальність досліджень, спрямованих на створення нового класу кріплення гірничих виробок на основі геовінчестерної технології. Обоснована актуальность исследований, направленных на создания нового класса крепи горных выработок на основе геовинчестерной технологии. Currency of investigations directed on mine support new class creation is substantiated based on gio-winchester technology

Application of image recognition theory in non-destructive radiation testing of materials quality used in extreme conditions

Для обнаружения дефектов материалов и деталей космических аппаратов используетсярадиационный метод неразрушающего контроля. Обработка изображений, получаемых этим методом, проводится с помощью специальных алгоритмов. В работе обоснована возможность использования нейросетевого метода и предложен алгоритм на его основе для распознавания образов.The radiation method of nondestructive testing is used for the detection of defects in materials and components of spacecraft. Processing of the images, obtained by this method, is carried out using specialized algorithms. In the paper the possibility of using neural networks method is considered and the algorithm for image recognition based on it is suggested

Особенности строения сеноманской газоконденсатной залежи на Заполярном месторождении (ЯНАО)

By focusing fs-laser radiation in the volume of a transparent material the refractive index can be changed locally, leading to 3-dimensional waveguiding structures. Waveguides are written in phosphate glass (IOG from Schott) at a depth of 100 µm below the surface. The pulse energy and the scan velocity are varied. For the first time the optical path difference caused by the waveguides and therefore the refractive index distribution of the waveguides and their cross sections are determined using interference microscopy. The optical path difference measured in the written structures and their cross sections is analyzed by a phase-shift algorithm. Thus, the refractive index distribution both along a line perpendicular to the waveguide and in the plane of a cross section is determined. The results are visualized as 2-dimensional graphics. Several regions of opposite sign of the refractive index change are observed in the cross sections of waveguides generated by femtosecond laser pulses. The number and the size of these regions are increasing with increasing pulse energy and decreasing scan velocity