Review on Potential Use of Fruit and Vegetables By-Products as A Valuable Source of Natural Food Additives

Food processing industry including fruit and vegetable processing is the second largest generator of wastes into the environment only after the household sewage. A huge amount of waste in the form of liquid and solid is produced in the fruit and vegetable processing industries, which contains many reusable substances of high value with large economic potential. The processing of fruits and vegetables results in high amounts of waste materials such as peels, seeds, stones, and unused flesh generated in the different steps of the processing chains. It causes pollution problem if not utilized or disposed-off properly. A disposal of these materials usually represents a problem that is further aggravated by legal restrictions. However, this Waste product, which is thrown into the environment, is rich in valuable compounds. They are novel, natural and economic sources of flavoring, colorants, protein, dietary fiber, antimicrobials and antioxidants, which can be used in the food industry as a source of natural food additives. Thus, new aspects concerning the use of these by-products for further exploitation on the production of food additives or supplements with high nutritional value have gained increasing interest because these are high-value products and their recovery may be economically attractive. The main purpose of this review is to promote the production and processing of fruits and vegetable highlighting the possibility of extracting bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable wastes and possibility to use them as natural additives for food industry. These all benefits will open up as a scope for future utilization of fruit and vegetable waste for therapeutic and Nutraceuticals purpose. Keywords: fruit and vegetables, by- product, waste utilization, natural food additive

The millipedes and centipedes of the Douglas Lake region.

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/51694/1/120.pd

System dynamics modeling study of the possibility of endemic measles in the state of Virginia

After an effective vaccine was widely available, measles incidence fell by 98%. Immunization programs and surveillance systems in the United States (US) are so successful there has been no endemic spread since 2000. The threat from measles lies in its high infectivity, an asymptomatic infectious state that lasts an average of four days and the decreasing popularity of vaccination. The lack of first-hand experience with the infection (due to immunization) has caused some to wonder if the vaccine is necessary. Herd immunity threshold is a measure of the fraction of immune individuals present in a population to keep disease reproduction rate below one. This threshold varies with population and disease characteristics. While below herd immunity threshold an index case could cause a small outbreak. In contrast, a gradual decrease in vaccination rates (or an increase in exemption rates) above herd immunity threshold coupled with an index case can lead to an epidemic. Endemic state is attained if the chain of infection persists for greater than one calendar year. Such a return to endemic state as has been seen in the United Kingdom. This study uses System Dynamics methodology to create a Measles Aging Chain Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered model (named MACSEIR) to analyze the vaccination conditions under which outbreaks and possibly endemic spread of measles could occur in the state of Virginia. The model utilizes a fictional population with demographic characteristics taken from US census data in addition to epidemiologic data from the Virginia Department of Health and Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC). Outbreaks have been simulated under varying vaccination conditions. The study shows that outbreaks will occur in any vaccination rate conditions while greater than 4% of the population is susceptible to measles. While measles incidence is infrequent in the US, healthcare providers should still maintain a high level of suspicion in differential diagnosis because it is endemic in many countries that American families frequent. Though national vaccination rates are still high, some community rates are not; they should be the focus of prevention efforts

Prediction and estimation of effective population size

Effective population size (Ne) is a key parameter in population genetics. It has important applications in evolutionary biology, conservation genetics, and plant and animal breeding, because it measures the rates of genetic drift and inbreeding and affects the efficacy of systematic evolutionary forces such as mutation, selection and migration. We review the developments in predictive equations and estimation methodologies of effective size. In the prediction part, we focus on the equations for populations with different modes of reproduction, for populations under selection for unlinked or linked loci, and for the specific applications to conservation genetics. In the estimation part, we focus on methods developed for estimating the current or recent effective size from molecular marker or sequence data. We discuss some underdeveloped areas in predicting and estimating Ne for future research

A large topographic feature on the surface of the trans-Neptunian object (307261) 2002 MS4_4 measured from stellar occultations

This work aims at constraining the size, shape, and geometric albedo of the dwarf planet candidate 2002 MS4 through the analysis of nine stellar occultation events. Using multichord detection, we also studied the object's topography by analyzing the obtained limb and the residuals between observed chords and the best-fitted ellipse. We predicted and organized the observational campaigns of nine stellar occultations by 2002 MS4 between 2019 and 2022, resulting in two single-chord events, four double-chord detections, and three events with three to up to sixty-one positive chords. Using 13 selected chords from the 8 August 2020 event, we determined the global elliptical limb of 2002 MS4. The best-fitted ellipse, combined with the object's rotational information from the literature, constrains the object's size, shape, and albedo. Additionally, we developed a new method to characterize topography features on the object's limb. The global limb has a semi-major axis of 412 $\pm$ 10 km, a semi-minor axis of 385 $\pm$ 17 km, and the position angle of the minor axis is 121 $^\circ$ $\pm$ 16$^\circ$. From this instantaneous limb, we obtained 2002 MS4's geometric albedo and the projected area-equivalent diameter. Significant deviations from the fitted ellipse in the northernmost limb are detected from multiple sites highlighting three distinct topographic features: one 11 km depth depression followed by a 25$^{+4}_{-5}$ km height elevation next to a crater-like depression with an extension of 322 $\pm$ 39 km and 45.1 $\pm$ 1.5 km deep. Our results present an object that is $\approx$138 km smaller in diameter than derived from thermal data, possibly indicating the presence of a so-far unknown satellite. However, within the error bars, the geometric albedo in the V-band agrees with the results published in the literature, even with the radiometric-derived albedo

Results on stellar occultations by (307261) 2002 MS4

Transneptunian Objects (TNOs) are the remnants of our planetary system and can retain information about the early stages of the Solar System formation. Stellar occultation is a groundbased method used to study these distant bodies which have been presenting exciting results mainly about their physical properties. The big TNO called 2002 MS4 was discovered by Trujillo, C. A., & Brown, M. E., in 2002 using observations made at the Palomar Observatory (EUA). It is classified as a hot classical TNO, with orbital parameters a = 42 AU, e = 0.139, and i = 17.7º. Using thermal measurements with PACS (Herschel) and MIPS (Spitzer Space Telescope) instruments, Vilenius et al. 2012 obtained a radius of 467 +/- 23.5 km and an albedo of 0.051.Predictions of stellar occultations by this body in 2019 were obtained using the Gaia DR2 catalogue and NIMA ephemeris (Desmars et al. 2015) and made available in the Lucky Star web page (https://lesia.obspm.fr/lucky-star/). Four events were observed in South America and Canada. The first stellar occultation was detected on 09 July 2019, resulting in two positives and four negatives chords, including a close one which proven to be helpful to constrain the body’s size. This detection also allowed us to obtain a precise astrometric position that was used to update its ephemeris and improve the predictions of the following events. Two of them were detected on 26 July 2019, separated by eight hours. The first event was observed from South America and resulted in three positive detections, while the second, observed from Canada, resulted in a single chord. Another double chord event was observed on 19 August 2019 also from Canada.Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísica