Population structure of anisakis simplex (nematoda) in harbor porpoises phocoena phocoena off Denmark

The population structure and habitat selection of Anisakis simplex in 35 harbor porpoises off Denmark are described. The nematodes were collected from the stomach and duodenal ampulla and were categorized as third-stage larvae, fourth-stage larvae, subadults, and adults. The porpoises harbored 8,043 specimens of A. simplex. The proportion of adults and subadults increased with infrapopulation size. The number of development stages across infrapopulations covaried significantly (Kendall's test of concordance). Concordance was higher in hosts with the highest intensities than in those with low and medium intensities. All stages occurred mainly in the forestomach, but this trend was stronger for the adults. Adult and subadult sex ratios did not depart significantly from 1:1. Our data suggested that recruitment and duration of each stage were the main factors accounting for infrapopulation structure. The preference of A. simplex for the forestomach conformed with previous studies, but the narrower distribution of adults relative to other stages might indicate a strategy to enhance mating opportunities. Information on sex ratios of A. simplex is scarce and contradictory. We suggest that the discrepancies might partly reflect differences in categorization criteria and statistical methods.Herreras Belled, Maria Victoria, [email protected] ; Balbuena Diaz-Pines, Juan Antonio, [email protected] ; Aznar Avendaño, Francisco Javier, [email protected] ; Raga Esteve, Juan Antonio, [email protected]

“They just want people in their lives that will be there forever”: A conceptual model of permanency for children and young people in therapeutic residential care

In Australian child protection systems, permanency outcomes are primarily equated with stability in a child's living and caring arrangements. For some children this will mean restoration to family, but for many others it will involve long-term Out-of-Home Care (OOHC), including with extended family. When viewed through the lens of living and caring arrangements, permanency policies by necessity exclude children and young people in residential care, for whom their caring arrangement is intended to be time-limited – that is – impermanent. However, for some children and young people, residential care is the only ‘permanent’ placement option that is available. Understanding whether and how permanency is considered and operationalised within residential care contexts is therefore an important, but largely absent area of research and policy. This paper describes a conceptual model of permanency for children and young people in therapeutic residential care programs in four Australian states. In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with 21 participants from therapeutic residential care providers in New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia. Using Reflexive Thematic Analysis, we propose a conceptual model that places a child and young person's sense of connection and belonging at the centre of permanency. This necessitates creating safe, stable environments that foster safe and enduring relationships with unpaid carers and other key people who are meaningful to the child. We discuss the implications of embedding a relational understanding of permanency within therapeutic residential care programs to improve the wellbeing of children and their families

The evolutionary ecology of complex lifecycle parasites: linking phenomena with mechanisms

Many parasitic infections, including those of humans, are caused by complex lifecycle parasites (CLPs): parasites that sequentially infect different hosts over the course of their lifecycle. CLPs come from a wide range of taxonomic groups-from single-celled bacteria to multicellular flatworms-yet share many common features in their life histories. Theory tells us when CLPs should be favoured by selection, but more empirical studies are required in order to quantify the costs and benefits of having a complex lifecycle, especially in parasites that facultatively vary their lifecycle complexity. In this article, we identify ecological conditions that favour CLPs over their simple lifecycle counterparts and highlight how a complex lifecycle can alter transmission rate and trade-offs between growth and reproduction. We show that CLPs participate in dynamic host-parasite coevolution, as more mobile hosts can fuel CLP adaptation to less mobile hosts. Then, we argue that a more general understanding of the evolutionary ecology of CLPs is essential for the development of effective frameworks to manage the many diseases they cause. More research is needed identifying the genetics of infection mechanisms used by CLPs, particularly into the role of gene duplication and neofunctionalisation in lifecycle evolution. We propose that testing for signatures of selection in infection genes will reveal much about how and when complex lifecycles evolved, and will help quantify complex patterns of coevolution between CLPs and their various hosts. Finally, we emphasise four key areas where new research approaches will provide fertile opportunities to advance this field

Massovaja invazija metacerkarijj Bucephalus polymorphus Baer 1827, v glazu leshha - Abramis brama (L.)

The mass incidence of the parasite was detected in Abramis brama (L) from the dam reservoir of the Gródek-Żur electricity works on the Wda river (Bydgoszcz voivodeship). Seven breams weighing 530-1530 g, measuring 29/35-41/49 cm in lenght (longitudo corporis, longitudo totalis). In all fishes there was a strong protrusion of the cornea that showed small white spots, visible with naked eye (Phot. 1). Post-mortem examinations revealed considerable enlargement of the anterior chamber of the eye with small amount of the vitreus and sticky, hazy fluid in the bulbus. The cornea contained numerous metacercariae (Phot. 2); a mass incidence of the latter was also found under the skin, on the head, anterior part of the body, on pectoral fins and on gills. The most charactcristic changes appeared in the cornea, where metacercariae were present in extremely high numbers; they were either single and disseminated of formed large accumulations. Occasionally, the cornea showed canals burrowed by migrating larvae prior to incystation (Phot. 3). On the transversal sections of the cornea there are holes containing encysted metacercariae; laceration of the corneal surface and separation of the tissue layers are visible (Phot. 4). At autopsy, the cornea was friable, which could be seen distinctly from the presence of transversal fissures in the microtome sections (Phot. 5)