Ukraine 2014 – The End of the Second European Belle Époque

This article is devoted to the roots of the developments that have taken place in Ukraine since Autumn 2013 and up to the Russian invasion. It stresses the historical differences between Ukraine and Russia, presents the international milieu of Ukrainian independence in the years 1991–2013, and ends with a description of the nature of the Maidan revolution and the pan-European challenge created by the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The main thesis is that the struggle for Ukraine ends the post-Cold War epoch marked with an illusion of eternal peace in Europe and with the groundless hope for Russian imperialism to expire

Poland in the Period of Partitions 1795–1914

The present book “Poland – History, Culture and Society. Selected Readings” is the third edition of a collection of academic texts written with the intention to accompany the module by providing incoming students with teaching materials that will assist them in their studies of the course module and encourage further search for relevant information and data. The papers collected in the book have been authored by academic teachers from the University of Łódź, specialists in such fields as history, geography, literature, sociology, ethnology, cultural studies, and political science. Each author presents one chapter related to a topic included in the module or extending its contents. The book contains the extensive bibliograph

History and Contemporary Politics of Poland 1939–2003

The present book “Poland – History, Culture and Society. Selected Readings” is the third edition of a collection of academic texts written with the intention to accompany the module by providing incoming students with teaching materials that will assist them in their studies of the course module and encourage further search for relevant information and data. The papers collected in the book have been authored by academic teachers from the University of Łódź, specialists in such fields as history, geography, literature, sociology, ethnology, cultural studies, and political science. Each author presents one chapter related to a topic included in the module or extending its contents. The book contains the extensive bibliography

How expensive is the implementation of rural development programmes? Empirical results of implementation costs and their consideration in cost-effectiveness analyses

The present paper refers to the results from the evaluation of rural development programmes (RDPs) of five German states. It is focussed on two issues. The first is to develop a methodological approach for determining the implementation costs (ICs). The second is the discussion of their relevance in the context of the implementation of rural development policies presenting selected empirical results. The cost-impact synopsis (CIS) is a wider approach to relate the measure-specific implementation costs and disbursed funds, based on implementation cost classes, with achieved impact levels. The principles guiding the discussion are two theses: (1) High implementation costs increase the overall cost of the programme and thus reduce funding efficiency, (2) High implementation costs increase the use efficiency of the programmes because they are associated with more targeted, more effective measures. Sample analytical results for different study levels show that the empirical results lie somewhere between these two extremes.Implementation costs, Rural Development Programmes, Evaluation, Agricultural and Food Policy, H83, Q18,

Ucieczka Polaków z rosyjskiego okrętu „Irtysz” w brytyjskim porcie Portsmouth w roku 1844

Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Beurteilung von alternativen Finanzierungsarten und -instrumenten zur Umsetzung von investiv ausgerichteten Fördergrundsätzen der GAK

Der Untersuchungsauftrag des BMEL beinhaltet eine Prüfung der Eignung von sogenannten neuen Finanzinstrumenten ("financial instruments") im Hinblick auf die (Mit-) Finanzierung von investiv ausgerichteten Fördergrundsätzen der Gemeinschaftsaufgabe zur Verbesserung der Agrarstruktur und des Küstenschutzes (GAK). Die Finanzinstrumente sollen nach dem Willen der Europäischen Kommission (EU-KOM) ab 2014 in allen Struktur- und Investitionsfonds (ESIF) verstärkt eingesetzt werden. Die Analyse stützt sich (a) auf vorliegende Untersuchungen bzw. auf Literatur zu Finanzinstrumenten und (b) auf zwölf Experteninterviews mit Personen aus der Programmverwaltung (EFRE und ELER) und dem Finanzierungsbereich.The aim of the study commissioned by the BMEL (Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture) is to analyse whether so-called new financial instruments are suitable for co-financing of the Joint Task for the Improvement of Agricultural Structures and Coastal Protection (German abbreviation: GAK). The European Commission (EU-COM) wants greater use to be made of the financial instruments in all EU Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) from 2014 on. The analysis is based (a) on existing studies and/or on literature relating to financial instruments and (b) on twelve interviews with experts involved in programme administration (ERDF and EAFRD) and financing

Monitoring endothelial cells in microfluidic systems

Maciej Grajewski beschrijft in zijn proefschrift het onderzoek dat hij heeft uitgevoerd over het creëren van een micro-omgeving voor het kweken van cellen, als ook de ontwikkeling van een methode om de status van een endotheelcel in een dergelijke omgeving te kunnen monitoren, zonder dat de cellen gelabeld hoeven te worden. De eerste doelstelling is belangrijk omdat biologen die onderzoek doen naar het cardiovasculaire systeem kunnen profiteren van condities voor celkweken die beter overeenkomen met de condities in het lichaam. Om deze reden heeft hij gewerkt aan het ontwikkelen van microkanalen voor celkweken, die vergelijkbare afmetingen hebben met bloedvaten in het lichaam. Bovendien heeft hij de cellen in die microkanalen blootgesteld aan vloeistofstroming, om de bloedstroom na te bootsen. Het celkweeksysteem dat is ontwikkeld door Maciej Grajewski maakt het mogelijk om in de toekomst een beter begrip te krijgen over de mechanismen die aan de basis liggen van de ontwikkeling van cardiovasculaire aandoeningen. Daarnaast heeft Maciej Grajewski gewerkt aan de ontwikkeling van een nieuwe fotonische methode om het gedrag van endotheel cellen in real-time te kunnen bestuderen. Hierbij heeft hij kunnen vaststellen dat de fysiologische parameter die hiermee daadwerkelijk bekeken wordt cellulaire microbeweging is. Door deze cellulaire microbeweging te monitoren met de nieuwe methode, bleek het mogelijk om het signaal te relateren aan verschillende chemische en fysieke stimuli voor de cellen. Het daadwerkelijke microsysteem is slechts zo groot als een microscoopglaasje, en kan tijdens een experiment geïnspecteerd worden onder de microscoop. Deze methode kan worden toegepast in het real-time observeren van cellulair gedrag onder verschillende condities

Prozeßorganisation: gegenwärtige Herausforderung

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Genetic variability of some Italian and Polish duck breeds

This study is aimed to estimate and compare the inter- and within-breed variability of duck populations under genetic conservation programmes. The following four duck breeds were analysed: Germanata Veneta (AGV) and Mignon (AMG) from Italy, Pekin Krajowy (33P) and Pomniejszona (2K) from Poland. The characterisation of the four populations was carried out through a panel of 23 microsatellite markers. The analysis involved 180 individuals: 39 for AGV, 41 for AMG, 50 for 33P and 50 for 2K. An average of 11.36 alleles per locus was identified. Twenty-two loci showed high values of polymorphism information content from 0.575 to 0.912, while CAUD136 was monomorphic for the Italian breeds. The breeds showed relatively high heterozygosity: higher for the Polish populations (0.6920 for 33P and 0.6521 for 2K), and lower for the Italian (0.4497 and 0.3718 for AGV and AMG, respectively). The inbreeding coefficient was higher for the Italian breeds, AMG in particular (0.133, 0.097 and 0.121), as well as the differentiation index (0.253). The Nei’s minimum distances (DM) and Reynolds distances (DR) were low between the Polish populations (0.131 and 0.088, respectively); these were associated to AGV (DM = 0.191 and DR = 0.259 for 33P; DM = 0.174 and DR = 0.226 for 2K). Finally, AGV was distant from AMG (DM = 0.259 and DR = 0.317). The molecular coancestry, or mean kinship was higher for the Italian breeds compared to Polish populations. The Italian populations showed intermediate values. The obtained results can be perceived as an important tool for the applied genetic conservation programmes