Material ecology

The world of design has been dominated since the Industrial Revolution by the rigors of manufacturing and mass production. Assembly lines have dictated a world made of standard parts framing the imagination of designers and builders who have been taught to think about their design objects and systems in terms of assemblies of parts with distinct functions. The assumption that parts are made of single material and fulfill predetermined specific functions is deeply rooted in design and usually goes unquestioned; it is also enforced by the way that industrial supply chains work. These age-old design paradigms have been reincarnated in Computer-aided Design (CAD) tools as well as Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) technologies where homogeneous materials are formed into pre-defined shapes at the service of pre-determined functions

Assistência de enfermagem na creche pertinho da mamãe

Trabalho apresentado no 31º SEURS - Seminário de Extensão Universitária da Região Sul, realizado em Florianópolis, SC, no período de 04 a 07 de agosto de 2013 - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.O Projeto de Extensão "Assistência de Enfermagem no Centro de Educação Infantil Pertinho da Mamãe da UEM" teve início em abril de 2006, e conta com a participação de docentes, alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação em enfermagem. O projeto desenvolve atividades voltadas ao atendimento integral das crianças, trabalhando junto à equipe de saúde e educação da instituição, bem como junto aos pais das crianças matriculadas, com o objetivo de integrar o cuidado e a educação, de modo a melhorar a qualidade da assistência do CEI. A educação em saúde e o compartilhamento de experiências entre a equipe de enfermagem, docentes, alunos e usuários proporciona um crescimento conjunto e a integração de saberes, em direção a uma consciência articulada com a prática, contribuindo desta maneira para a construção da autonomia dos sujeitos envolvidos, por meio da qualificação da assistência em saúde e do desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas voltadas a esta realidade de atuação do enfermeiro

GENETICS AND GENOMICS OF CULTIVATED EGGPLANTS AND WILD RELATIVES

Tesis por compendioAlimentar a la futura población en crecimiento en un contexto de cambio climático exige nuevos enfoques y herramientas de mejora genética para desarrollar nuevas variedades de cultivos que sean resilientes y eficientes en el uso de los recursos. Entre las hortalizas, la berenjena (Solanum melongena) es reconocida como un cultivo importante y como tal está incluida en el Anexo 1 del Tratado Internacional sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, que incluye 34 cultivos considerados como los más relevantes para la humanidad. Antes del inicio de esta tesis, se disponía de pocas herramientas genéticas y genómicas para la mejora genética de la berenjena, las cuales se revisan en un capítulo introductorio. Asimismo, hemos reconocido la importancia de los parientes silvestres de la berenjena, que apenas se han utilizado en la mejora genética de la misma. A este respecto, para hacer un uso más eficiente de los parientes silvestres en la mejora genética, propusimos un enfoque ambicioso, llamado "introgressiomics", que consiste en un desarrollo sistemático y masivo de materiales que lleven introgresiones de parientes silvestres (CWR), los cuales generalmente son una fuente inexplorada e desaprovechada de variación genética. Los trabajos realizados en esta tesis están relacionados con la aplicación de este enfoque a la berenjena. En este marco, los objetivos generales de la tesis son el desarrollo de la información y herramientas genéticas y genómicas en el acervo genético de la berenjena, utilizando un enfoque multidisciplinario y multifacético para la mejora genética en el desarrollo de nuevas variedades mejoradas y resistentes usando especies relacionadas como fuente de variación. Concretamente, en el primer capítulo de esta tesis, secuenciamos el transcriptoma de dos especies relacionadas con la berenjena, la silvestre Solanum incanum y la especie cultivada africana S. aethiopicum, que tienen un gran interés en la mejora genética de la berenjena. Los transcriptomas se ensamblaron en 83,905 y 87,084 unigenes para S. incanum y S. aethiopicum respectivamente, los cuales fueron extensivamente anotados estructuralmente y funcionalmente. La busqueda de variantes alélicas identificó decenas de miles de polimorfismos intraespecíficos e interespecíficos, así como alrededor de un millar de SSRs en cada especie. En el segundo capítulo, un subconjunto de esos marcadores (11 SSRs y 35 SNPs) se analizaron para confirmar su utilidad para la huella genética, la evaluación de la diversidad y el establecimiento de relaciones entre las berenjenas cultivadas (común, escarlata y gboma). Observamos que los SSRs y los SNPs proporcionaron resultados diferentes en el establecimiento de las relaciones, lo que sugiere que cada tipo de marcador muestreó diferentes niveles de variación genética. Sin embargo, aunque ambos marcadores proporcionaron un nivel similar de información, los SNPs parecen proporcionar una mejor resolución que los SSRs para materiales filogenéticamente más distantes. En el tercer capítulo, para ampliar la estimación de la diversidad genética y las relaciones genéticas entre y dentro de las especies silvestres y cultivadas pertenecientes al complejo berenjena, realizamos un genotipado masivo, mediante un enfoque de genotipado por secuenciación, de 76 accesiones pertenecientes a 17 especies del acervo genético primario, secundario y terciario de la berenjena común. De los 75,399 sitios polimórficos identificados, 12,859 se asociaron a regiones CDS y se usaron para establecer una evaluación exhaustiva y detallada de la diversidad alélica natural y las relaciones genéticas en el acervo genético de la berenjena utilizando tres enfoques diferentes (estructura jerárquica de la población, dendrograma basado en UPGMA y análisis de PCoA). En el cuatro capítulo, desarrollamos un mapa genético interespecífico entre S. incanum y S. melongena, vinculado a otrosFeeding the future burgeoning population in a climate change scenario demands new breeding approaches and tools to develop new resource-efficient and resilient crop varieties. Among vegetable crops, eggplant (Solanum melongena) is recognized as an important food crop and as such is included in the Annex 1 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, which includes 34 crops considered as most relevant for mankind. Before the start of this thesis, few genetic and genomic tools and resources for eggplant breeding, which are reviewed in an introductory chapter, were available. We have recognized the importance of wild eggplant relatives, which have been barely used in eggplant breeding. In this respect, in order to make a more efficient use of wild relatives in plant breeding, we proposed an ambitious approach, called "introgressiomics", consisting of a systematic and massive development of materials carrying introgressions from crop wild relatives (CWRs), which usually are an unexplored and unexploited source of genetic variation for breeding traits. The works done in this thesis are related to the application of the introgressiomics approach to eggplant. In this framework, the general objectives of the thesis are the development of genetic and genomic information and tools in eggplant genepool, using a multidisciplinary and multi-pronged approach to assist eggplant breeding in the development of new improved and resilient varieties using eggplant relatives as a source of variation. Specifically, in the first chapter of this thesis, we sequenced the transcriptome of two eggplant related species, the wild Solanum incanum and the cultivated S. aethiopicum, that have a great interest in eggplant breeding. The transcriptomes were assembled in 83,905 and 87,084 unigenes for S. incanum and S. aethiopicum respectively, which were extensively structurally and functionally annotated. The variant call analysis identified tens of thousands intraspecific and interspecific polymorphisms, as well as around a thousand of SSRs in each species. In the second chapter, a subset of those markers (11 SSRs and 35 SNPs) was tested for confirming their usefulness for genetic fingerprinting, diversity evaluation and the establishment of relationships in cultivated eggplant (common, scarlet and gboma) genepools. We observed that SSRs and SNPs provided different results in the establishment of the relationships, suggesting that each marker type sampled different levels of genetic variation. However, although both markers provided a similar level of information, SNPs seem to provide a better resolution than SSRs for materials phylogenetically more distant. In the third chapter, in order to broaden the estimation of the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among and within wild and cultivated species belonging to eggplant complexes, we performed a massive genotyping, by a genotype-by-sequencing approach, of 76 accessions belonging to 17 species from the primary, secondary and tertiary genepool of common eggplant. Out of 75,399 polymorphic sites identified, 12,859 were associated to CDS regions and used to establish an exhaustive and detailed evaluation of the natural allelic diversity and genetic relationships in eggplant genepool using three different approaches (hierarchical population structure, UPGMA-based dendrogram, and PCoA analysis). In the four chapter, we developed an interspecific genetic map between S. incanum and S. melongena, linked to four previous eggplant maps and to one tomato map. A total of 243 molecular markers were successfully mapped consisting of 42 COSII, 99 SSRs, 88 AFLPs, 9 CAPS, 4 SNPs and one morphological polymorphic markers encompassed 1085 cM distributed in 12 linkage groups. Based on the syntheny with tomato, the candidate genes involved in the core chlorogenic acid synthesis pathway in eggplant (PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3¿H, HQT), five polyphenol oxidase genes (PPO1, PPO2, PPO3, PPAlimentar la futura població en creixement en un context de canvi climàtic exigeix nous enfocaments i eines de millora genètica per desenvolupar noves varietats de cultius que siguin resilients i eficients en l'ús dels recursos. Entre les hortalisses, l'albergínia (Solanum melongena) és reconeguda com un cultiu important i com a tal està inclosa en l'Annex 1 del Tractat Internacional sobre els Recursos Fitogenètics per a l'Alimentació i l'Agricultura, que inclou 34 cultius considerats com els més rellevants per a la humanitat. Abans de l'inici d'aquesta tesi, es disposava de poques eines genètiques i genòmiques per a la millora genètica de l'albergínia, les quals es revisen en un capítol introductori. Així mateix, hem reconegut la importància dels parents silvestres de l'albergínia, que tot just s'han utilitzat en la millora genètica de la mateixa. Referent a això, per fer un ús més eficient dels parents silvestres a la millora genètica, vam proposar un enfocament ambiciós, anomenat "introgressiomics", que consisteix en un desenvolupament sistemàtic i massiu de materials que portin introgresions de parents silvestres (CWR), els quals generalment són una font inexplorada i desaprofitada de variació genètica. Els treballs realitzats en aquesta tesi estan relacionats amb l'aplicació d'aquest enfocament a l'albergínia. En aquest marc, els objectius generals de la tesi són el desenvolupament de la informació i eines genètiques i genòmiques en el patrimoni genètic de l'albergínia, utilitzant un enfocament multidisciplinari i multifacètic per a la millora genètica en el desenvolupament de noves varietats millorades i resistents emprent spècies relacionades com a font de variació. Concretament, en el primer capítol d'aquesta tesi, seqüenciem el transcriptoma de dues espècies relacionades amb l'albergínia, la silvestre Solanum incanum i l'espècie cultivada africana S. aethiopicum, que tenen un gran interès en la millora genètica de l'albergínia. Els transcriptomes s'ensamblaren en 83,905 i 87,084 unigenes per S. incanum i S. aethiopicum respectivament, els quals van ser extensivament anotats estructuralment i funcionalment. La recerca de variants al·lèliques va identificar desenes de milers de polimorfismes intraespecífics i interespecífics, així com al voltant d'un miler de SSRs en cada espècie. En el segon capítol, un subconjunt d'aquests marcadors (11 SSRs i 35 SNPs) es van analitzar per confirmar la seva utilitat per l'empremta genètica, l'avaluació de la diversitat i l'establiment de relacions entre les albergínies conreades (comú, escarlata i gboma). Observem que els SSRs i els SNPs van proporcionar resultats diferents en l'establiment de les relacions, el que suggereix que cada tipus de marcador va mostrejar diferents nivells de variació genètica. No obstant això, encara que tots dos marcadors van proporcionar un nivell similar d'informació, els SNPs semblen proporcionar una millor resolució que els SSRs per materials filogenèticament més distants. En el tercer capítol, per a ampliar l'estimació de la diversitat genètica i les relacions genètiques entre i dins de les espècies silvestres i conreades pertanyents al complex albergínia, vam realitzar un genotipat massiu, mitjançant un enfocament de genotipat per seqüenciació, de 76 accessions pertanyents a 17 espècies del patrimoni genètic primari, secundari i terciari de l'albergínia comuna. Dels 75,399 llocs polimòrfics identificats, 12,859 es van associar a regions CDS i es van usar per a establir una avaluació exhaustiva i detallada de la diversitat al·lèlica natural i les relacions genètiques en el patrimoni genètic de l'albergínia utilitzant tres enfocaments diferents (estructura jeràrquica de la població, dendrograma basat en UPGMA i anàlisi de PCoA). En el quart capítol, desenvolupem un mapa genètic interespecífic entre S. incanum i S. melongena, vinculat a altres quatre mapes anteriorGramazio, P. (2018). GENETICS AND GENOMICS OF CULTIVATED EGGPLANTS AND WILD RELATIVES [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/104605TESISCompendi

Una contribución a la salud de los trabajadores: guía sobre exposición a los fluidos biológicos

Os trabalhadores da saúde estão expostos a riscos ocupacionais no seu ambiente de trabalho, destacando-se, dentre eles, o risco biológico. A conduta esperada do trabalhador após esta exposição deve ser definida e orientada, para que medidas preventivas possam ser adotadas. Assim, pretende-se com este guia fornecer subsídios para a conduta dos trabalhadores em relação à exposição biológica, contribuindo para a adesão ao protocolo de monitoramento.Health workers are exposed to occupational hazards at the workplace, among which we highlight the biological risk. Information and orientation should be provided regarding the conduct that workers are expected to follow in the case becoming exposed. Thus, this guide is intended to provide the elements to orient workers' conduct in cases of biological exposure, improving adherence to the monitoring protocol.Los trabajadores de la salud están expuestos a riesgos ocupacionales en su ambiente de trabajo, entre ellos se destaca el riesgo biológico. La conducta esperada del trabajador luego de esta exposición debe ser definida y orientada para que medidas preventivas pueden ser adoptadas. De este modo, se pretende con esta guía brindar ayuda a la conducta de los trabajadores en relación a la exposición biológica, contribuyendo a la adhesión al protocolo de monitoreo

Location of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis pathway and polyphenol oxidase genes in a new interspecific anchored linkage map of eggplant

© Gramazio et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2014. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated

Challenges and prospects of new plant breeding techniques for GABA improvement in crops: tomato as an example

[EN] Over the last seven decades, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has attracted great attention from scientists for its ubiquity in plants, animals and microorganisms and for its physiological implications as a signaling molecule involved in multiple pathways and processes. Recently, the food and pharmaceutical industries have also shown significantly increased interest in GABA, because of its great potential benefits for human health and the consumer demand for health-promoting functional compounds, resulting in the release of a plethora of GABA-enriched products. Nevertheless, many crop species accumulate appreciable GABA levels in their edible parts and could help to meet the daily recommended intake of GABA for promoting positive health effects. Therefore, plant breeders are devoting much effort into breeding elite varieties with improved GABA contents. In this regard, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the most produced and consumed vegetable worldwide and a fruit-bearing model crop, has received much consideration for its accumulation of remarkable GABA levels. Although many different strategies have been implemented, from classical crossbreeding to induced mutagenesis, new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) have achieved the best GABA accumulation results in red ripe tomato fruits along with shedding light on GABA metabolism and gene functions. In this review, we summarize, analyze and compare all the studies that have substantially contributed to tomato GABA breeding with further discussion and proposals regarding the most recent NPBTs that could bring this process to the next level of precision and efficiency. This document also provides guidelines with which researchers of other crops might take advantage of the progress achieved in tomato for more efficient GABA breeding programsPG is grateful to the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science for the JSPS postdoctoral grant FY2019-P19105Gramazio, P.; Takayama, M.; Ezura, H. (2020). Challenges and prospects of new plant breeding techniques for GABA improvement in crops: tomato as an example. Frontiers in Plant Science. 11:1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.577980S1161

From human beings to sexual objects: effects of sexualised portrayals of women (and men)

Sexual objectification is perpetrated whenever someone is reduced to a thing, thus seen and treated like a sexual object. The body or body parts are separated out from the identity and used for pleasure and consumption of others (Bartky, 1990; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). According to the literature, when people become objects or instruments for others’ appreciation they can be denied their humanity, inner mental life, and moral standing (e.g., Heflick, Goldenberg, Cooper, & Puvia, 2011; Loughnan, Haslam, Murnane, Vaes, Reynolds, & Suitner, 2010; Vaes, Paladino, & Puvia, 2011). Moreover, previous objectification research suggests that experiences of sexual objectification are translated into problems that undermine psychological well-being, such as increased body shame, appearance anxiety, depression, eating and sexual disorders (Moradi & Huang, 2008). From the perspective of objectification theory, the most insidious way in which objectifying gaze infuses Western culture is through visual media (e.g., magazines, advertisements, television, music video, movies). On a daily basis, we are constantly surrounded by sexually objectified images. Examples are advertising in which male and female bodies are denuded to attract and sell products (Zotos & Tsichla, 2014) and visual media delivering sexual harassment or rape news, in which victims are often portrayed in a sexualised manner (Zanardo, 2010). Given the scarcity of specific research and the serious repercussions of sexual objectification on people’s well-being, the present work sought to expand the objectification theoretical framework by empirically testing the causal role of sexual objectification in the under-investigated areas of sexual harassment and advertising. First, in Chapter 1 we provide a brief overview of previous research grounded in the objectification theoretical framework. In Chapter 2, we present our first set of studies with the general aim to merge sexual objectification and sexual harassment research areas. Our work starts by noticing that these two areas are developed mostly independently to each other. Indeed, although extensive research has investigated the negative consequences of sexual objectification, surprisingly far less research has examined the consequences of sexual objectification in the context of sexual harassment. Specifically, we aimed to examine the effects of victims’ sexualised appearance on bystanders’ reactions to an episode of workplace sexual harassment. Our findings generally support the idea that sexualisation lead to biased perception, providing evidence that sexualised victims (i.e., wearing sexy clothes) are perceived as more immoral and blameful for being sexually harassed than non sexualised victims (i.e., wearing jeans and sweater). More important, we provide novel evidence that these biased perceptions in turn reduce bystanders’ willingness to offer support and help to the sexualised victims of sexual harassment. In addition, we show that endorsement of traditional masculine norms (i.e., ambivalent sexism toward women and non-relational attitudes toward sexuality) further enhanced biased perception of the sexualised than non-sexualised victims. In Chapter 3, we present a set of six studies that have systematically examined how both men and women react to sexually objectifying advertising. The underlying premise governing the use of sexualized images in advertisement is that “sex sells”. Indeed, although it has been shown that advertising acts as catalyst for a multitude of problematic behaviours (e.g., Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002), sex in advertising has long been used to sell just about everything. Surprisingly, even though brand attitudes and purchasing intention are the two crucial antecedents to purchasing behaviour (Shimp & Gresham, 1983), very little research has empirically investigated these antecedents to test whether sex actually works. Therefore, we investigated both female and male participants’ product attractiveness and purchasing intentions after exposure to female or male sexually objectified (versus neutral) ads. Importantly, the overall pattern of results contradicts current sexualising marketing strategies: women negatively reacted to both female and male sexually objectifying ads showing higher negative emotions, that in turn disinclined them to purchase the sexualised product; surprisingly, men were indifferent and did not show any significant increment either on product attractiveness or purchasing intention after exposure to female sexually objectifying than neutral ads. More importantly, our findings suggest that advertising may create an environment that implicitly primes viewers to appraise negatively a sexualised target. For example, sexually objectified ads primed male beliefs that women enjoy being sexualised, and also led to higher benevolent sexism compared to men exposed to neutral ads. Other results showed the effects that exposure to specific female sexualised images may have on the dehumanisation of the whole women category. Importantly, we showed that exposure to female sexually objectified ads increases women body surveillance (i.e., self-objectification) and their internalisation of beauty standards. Thus our findings support the notion that exposure to female sexually objectifying ads not only has negative consequences on how people (specifically men) view women, but also on how women view themselves (i.e., thinking that their look matters). Lastly, both men and women who endorsed traditional beliefs on gender relationships (i.e., men are sex-driven and have trouble being faithful) and men higher in hostile sexism showed higher purchasing intention after viewing sexually objectified than neutral ads. Overall, our findings extend previous research by empirically demonstrating the vicious cycle of sexual objectification. Finally, in Chapter 4 we discuss the implications of the present findings within the objectification theoretical framework and suggest future directions. Our first set of findings suggest that the appraisal of sexual harassment incidents as the result of sexualised women’s appearance, which is also associated with traditional norms on gender roles, may have serious consequences. First of all, this perception may be dangerous for the victims because it decreases significantly the actual probability of receiving support. Furthermore, the present findings are worrisome at the societal level considering the widespread manifestation of both sexualisation and sexual harassment on a daily basis, especially in the workplace (e.g., Page & Pina, 2015). Furthermore, in the second set of studies, our findings show the paradox of sexual objectification in advertising: not only it has negative outcomes for women, but it is also questionable regarding the main purpose of advertising, that is selling products. These findings should be a stimulus to reflect on alternative marketing strategies, possibly more effective and less harmful than using sexually objectifying images