A STRATIFICATION OF DEATH IN THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE: A RECONSIDERATION OF THE CADAVER TOMBS OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY

This analysis is on the function of cadaver or transi tombs in the south of England and Germany from the fifteenth to early sixteenth centuries, at particular moments when theological and cultural shifts related to Church reforms and the Reformation were tethered to new considerations about death, memorial, and changing concepts of the soul and matter. The study begins with a focus on the tombs of Henry Chichele (1364–1443) in Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England, and Alice de la Pole (1404–1475) of Saint Mary’s Church in Ewelme, Oxfordshire, England. Additionally, the memorial relief of Ulrich Fugger (1441–1510) in Saint Anna's Church in Augsburg, Germany, acts as a bridge to Hans Holbein’s painted Dead Christ in the Tomb (1521) in the Kuntsmuseum Basel, in which Christ is simultaneously portrayed as an effigy, transi, and resurrected body. This was also an extended period when notions of visuality changed, along with preferences for different media and pressures on images and objects. As the demands of verisimilitude and discourses about presence and matter changed, media progressed from three-dimensional sculpture and carved relief to oil paint on wood. Transi tombs embodied this trajectory, altering uses and impressions of materials as they progressed from metal to stone to relief carving and paint. Transi tombs, in particular, structured time as a malleable construct, through the incorporation of varying images and their configuration in different visual strata and degrees of vividness and decay. By merging motifs of the dead with the Resurrected Christ, the transi tomb phenomenon situated death in relation to the viewer’s experience of mortality, memorial, and remembrance. Through these changing images and media, public perception of death was inextricably transformed, coinciding with the advent of the Reformation.Art Histor

Inkjet Printing Based Mono-layered Photonic Crystal Patterning for Anti-counterfeiting Structural Colors

Photonic crystal structures can be created to manipulate electromagnetic waves so that many studies have focused on designing photonic band-gaps for various applications including sensors, LEDs, lasers, and optical fibers. Here, we show that mono-layered, self-assembled photonic crystals (SAPCs) fabricated by using an inkjet printer exhibit extremely weak structural colors and multiple colorful holograms so that they can be utilized in anti-counterfeit measures. We demonstrate that SAPC patterns on a white background are covert under daylight, such that pattern detection can be avoided, but they become overt in a simple manner under strong illumination with smartphone flash light and/or on a black background, showing remarkable potential for anti-counterfeit techniques. Besides, we demonstrate that SAPCs yield different RGB histograms that depend on viewing angles and pattern densities, thus enhancing their cryptographic capabilities. Hence, the structural colorations designed by inkjet printers would not only produce optical holograms for the simple authentication of many items and products but also enable a high-secure anti-counterfeit techniqueope

Solving widespread low-concentration VOC air pollution problems: Gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation answers the needs of many small businesses

Many small businesses are facing new regulations under the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act. Regulators, as well as the businesses themselves, face new challenges to control small point-source air pollution emissions. An individual business-such as a dry cleaner, auto repair shop, bakery, coffee roaster, photo print shop, or chemical company-may be an insignificant source of air pollution, but collectively, the industry becomes a noticeable source. Often the businesses are not equipped to respond to new regulatory requirements because of limited resources, experience, and expertise. Also, existing control strategies may be inappropriate for these businesses, having been developed for major industries with high volumes, high pollutant concentrations, and substantial corporate resources. Gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is an option for eliminating low-concentration, low-flow-rate emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from small business point sources. The advantages PCO has over other treatment techniques are presented in this paper. This paper also describes how PCO can be applied to specific air pollution problems. We present our methodology for identifying pollution problems for which PCO is applicable and for reaching the technology`s potential end users. PCO is compared to other gas-phase VOC control technologies

Integration of additive manufacturing and inkjet printed electronics: a potential route to parts with embedded multifunctionality

Additive manufacturing, an umbrella term for a number of different manufacturing techniques, has attracted increasing interest recently for a number of reasons, such as the facile customisation of parts, reduced time to manufacture from initial design, and possibilities in distributed manufacturing and structural electronics. Inkjet printing is an additive manufacturing technique that is readily integrated with other manufacturing processes, eminently scalable and used extensively in printed electronics. It therefore presents itself as a good candidate for integration with other additive manufacturing techniques to enable the creation of parts with embedded electronics in a timely and cost effective manner. This review introduces some of the fundamental principles of inkjet printing; such as droplet generation, deposition, phase change and post-deposition processing. Particular focus is given to materials most relevant to incorporating structural electronics and how post-processing of these materials has been able to maintain compatibility with temperature sensitive substrates. Specific obstacles likely to be encountered in such an integration and potential strategies to address them will also be discussed

Template‐Directed Directionally Solidified 3D Mesostructured AgCl–KCl Eutectic Photonic Crystals

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113115/1/adma201502265.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113115/2/adma201502265-sup-0001-S1.pd

Lead Speciation and Bioavailability in Apatite-Amended Sediments

The in situ sequestration of lead (Pb) in sediment with a phosphate amendment was investigated by Pb speciation and bioavailability. Sediment Pb in preamendment samples was identified as galena (PbS) with trace amounts of absorbed Pb. Sediment exposed to atmospheric conditions underwent conversion to hydrocerussite and anglesite. Sediments mixed with apatite exhibited limited conversion to pyromorphite, the hypothesized end product. Conversion of PbS to pyromorphite is inhibited under reducing conditions, and pyromorphite formation appears limited to reaction with pore water Pb and PbS oxidation products. Porewater Pb values were decreased by 94% or more when sediment was amended with apatite. The acute toxicity of the sediment Pb was evaluated with Hyalella azteca and bioaccumulation of Pb with Lumbriculus variegatus. The growth of H. azteca may be mildly inhibited in contaminated sediment, with apatite-amended sediments exhibiting on average a higher growth weight by approximately 20%. The bioaccumulation of Pb in L. variegatus tissue decreased with increased phosphate loading in contaminated sediment. The study indicates limited effectiveness of apatite in sequestering Pb if present as PbS under reducing conditions, but sequestration of porewater Pb and stabilization of near-surface sediment may be a feasible and alternative approach to decreasing potential toxicity of Pb

A Stratification of Death in the Northern Renaissance: A Reconsideration of the Cadaver Tombs of England And Germany

This analysis is on the function of cadaver or transi tombs in the south of England and Germany from the fifteenth to early sixteenth centuries, at particular moments when theological and cultural shifts related to Church reforms and the Reformation were tethered to new considerations about death, memorial, and changing concepts of the soul and matter. The study begins with a focus on the tombs of Henry Chichele (1364–1443) in Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England, and Alice de la Pole (1404–1475) of Saint Mary’s Church in Ewelme, Oxfordshire, England. Additionally, the memorial relief of Ulrich Fugger (1441–1510) in Saint Anna's Church in Augsburg, Germany, acts as a bridge to Hans Holbein’s painted Dead Christ in the Tomb (1521) in the Kuntsmuseum Basel, in which Christ is simultaneously portrayed as an effigy, transi, and resurrected body. This was also an extended period when notions of visuality changed, along with preferences for different media and pressures on images and objects. As the demands of verisimilitude and discourses about presence and matter changed, media progressed from three-dimensional sculpture and carved relief to oil paint on wood. Transi tombs embodied this trajectory, altering uses and impressions of materials as they progressed from metal to stone to relief carving and paint. Transi tombs, in particular, structured time as a malleable construct, through the incorporation of varying images and their configuration in different visual strata and degrees of vividness and decay. By merging motifs of the dead with the Resurrected Christ, the transi tomb phenomenon situated death in relation to the viewer’s experience of mortality, memorial, and remembrance. Through these changing images and media, public perception of death was inextricably transformed, coinciding with the advent of the Reformation