Beyond the pill: New medication delivery options for ADHD

Successful treatment of pediatric disorders has necessitated the development of alternative medication formulations, as children may prefer alternative dosage forms to tablets or capsules. This is especially true for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is one of the most common chronic pediatric conditions and often involves children with a variety of overlapping physical, psychological, or neurodevelopmental disorders. A special challenge for developing alternative dosage forms for ADHD treatment is the incorporation of a once-daily long-acting formulation. Traditional ADHD medication formulations have been limited, and issues surrounding prescribed dosing regimens—including poor medication adherence, difficulty swallowing, and the lack of dosing titration options—persist in ADHD treatment. In other disease areas, the development of alternative formulations has provided options for patients who have issues with consuming solid dosage forms, particularly children and individuals with developmental disorders. In the light of these new developments, several alternative formulations for ADHD medications are under development or have recently become available. This article reviews the various strategies for developing alternative dosage forms in other disease areas and discusses the application of these strategies in ADHD treatment. Alternative dosage forms may increase medication adherence, compliance, and patient preference and, therefore, improve the overall treatment for ADHD.</jats:p

INTRODUCTION

Agribusiness,

An Index for 2D field theories with large N=4 superconformal symmetry

We consider families of theories with large N=4 superconformal symmetry. We define an index generalizing the elliptic genus of theories with N=2 symmetry. In contrast to the N=2 case, the new index constrains part of the non-BPS spectrum. Motivated by aspects of the AdS/CFT correspondence we study the index in the examples of symmetric product theories. We give a physical interpretation of the Hecke operators which appear in the expressions for partition functions of such theories. Finally, we compute the index for a nontrivial example of a symmetric product theory.Comment: 62 pages, harvmac; references adde

Anaximander’s Zoogony

Aetius v, 19, 4 gives the following account of Anaximander’s zoogony: Ἀναξίμανδρος ἐν ὑγρῷ γεννησθῆναι τὰ πρῶτα ζῷα φλοιοῖς περιεχόμενα ἀκανθώδεσι, προβαινούσης δὲ τῆς ἡλικίας ἀποβαίνειν ἐπὶ τὸ ζηρότερον καὶ περιρρηγνυμένου τοῦ φλοιοῦ ἐπ’ ὀλίγον χρόνον μεταβιῶναι. I argue that we should translate this as: Anaximander said that the first animals were generated in moisture and enclosing themselves in spine like barks, as they advanced in age they moved onto the drier and shedding their bark for a short time they survived in a different form. I argue that Anaximander’s hypothesis on the origins of life is based on the life cycle of the Caddis fly. If so, his account of zoogony is neither myth nor outright speculation, but is based on observational knowledge. This has significant implications for the nature of Anaximander’s zoogony and its relation to his cosmogony and cosmology

Nonlinear Instantons from Supersymmetric p-Branes

Supersymmetric configurations of type II D-branes with nonzero gauge field strengths in general supersymmetric backgrounds with nonzero B fields are analyzed using the kappa-symmetric worldvolume action. It is found in dimension four or greater that the usual instanton equation for the gauge field obtains a nonlinear deformation. The deformation is parameterized by the topological data of the B-field, the background geometry and the cycle wrapped by the brane. In the appropriate dimensions, limits and settings these equations reduce to deformed instanton equations recently found in the context of noncommutative geometry as well as those following from Lagrangians based on Bott-Chern forms. We further consider instantons comprised of M5-branes wrapping a Calabi-Yau space with non-vanishing three-form field strengths. It is shown that the instanton equations for the three-form are related to the Kodaira-Spencer equations.Comment: 35 pages, harvmac; small corrections in sections 3.3 and 3.5, references adde

Ancient Atomism and Cosmogony.

How should we treat the cosmogonies of the early ancient Greek philosophers? Much work has been done in showing how these cosmogonies differ from creation myths and how they relate to philosophical issues such as change, persistence through change and matter theory. Here, using Leucippus and Democritus as examples, Gregory tries to show that interesting light can be shed on these cosmogonies by looking at them in relation to perennial problems in cosmogony and perennial types of solutions to these problems. Ancients and moderns have formulated both in different ways, but there are significant structural similarities. To understand ancient cosmogonies, we need to understand how these perennial problems were perceived, and what types of solutions were available. We then need to analyse how the basic ontological and aetiological principles of their systems lead them to choose certain types of solution over others