The EEC is now a Customs Union

The Customs Union among the member states of the European Economic Community has come into force on July 1, 1968. Its main effect has been the eradication of the ultimate 15 per cent that had remained of the original internal rales of import duty on industrial products between member states and the complete application of the joint tariff of the Community to industrial imports coming from outside the area. Farm produce, which is not subject to import duty but to “Abschöpfungen” (levies) will in future be governed by a unified system of import control. Recently, it has not always been a true community spirit that ruled the fate of the EEC because, in many countries, national selfishness seems to recover ground. This renders more indispensable than ever for the Community a successful completion of the Customs Union, which is thought to be the first big step towards closer political cooperation in Europe

Emotional symptoms from kindergarten to middle childhood: associations with self- and other-oriented social skills

The study investigated the interactive impact of different dimensions of social skills on children's emotional symptoms. We differentiate between self-oriented social skills which focus on considering own goals and needs in social interactions (assertiveness, social participation) and other-oriented social skills which focus on considering other's goals and needs (pro-social and cooperative behavior). 167 children participated in the study at the ages of 5, 6, and 9years. A multi-informant approach (parents, teacher, and child) was employed to assess children's psychopathology. Teachers rated children's social skills. The study demonstrated the importance of deficits in self-oriented social skills for the development of emotional symptoms. Low levels of assertiveness predicted later emotional symptoms. In children with low levels of pro-social behavior, high assertiveness protected from emotional problems. In contrast, high levels of pro-social behavior emerged as a risk factor for later emotional symptoms, especially when is goes along with low levels of social participatio

The Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn as a place for the circulation of scientific ideas: vision and management

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The New Political Economy of EU State Aid Policy

Despite its importance and singularity, the EU’s state aid policy has attracted less scholarly attention than other elements of EU competition policy. Introducing the themes addressed by the special issue, this article briefly reviews the development of EU policy and highlights why the control of state aid matters. The Commission’s response to the current economic crisis notably in banking and the car industry is a key concern, but the interests of the special issue go far beyond. They include: the role of the European Commission in the development of EU policy, the politics of state aid, and a clash between models of capitalism. The special issue also examines the impact of EU policy. It investigates how EU state aid decisions affect not only industrial policy at the national level (and therefore at the EU level), but the welfare state and territorial relations within federal member states, the external implications of EU action and the strategies pursued by the Commission to limit any potential disadvantage to European firms, and the conflict between the EU’s expanding legal order and national