894 research outputs found

    Moduli-space structure of knots with intersections

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    It is well known that knots are countable in ordinary knot theory. Recently, knots {\it with intersections} have raised a certain interest, and have been found to have physical applications. We point out that such knots --equivalence classes of loops in R3R^3 under diffeomorphisms-- are not countable; rather, they exhibit a moduli-space structure. We characterize these spaces of moduli and study their dimension. We derive a lower bound (which we conjecture being actually attained) on the dimension of the (non-degenerate components) of the moduli spaces, as a function of the valence of the intersection.Comment: 15 pages, latex-revtex, no figure

    High-responsivity optical FET's fabricated on a FET-SEED structure

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    Optical detectors with responsivity of 1000 A/W and response time of 10 μs at 50 nW optical input power were fabricated using the AT&T FET-SEED process

    GaAs optoelectronic neuron arrays

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    A simple optoelectronic circuit integrated monolithically in GaAs to implement sigmoidal neuron responses is presented. The circuit integrates a light-emitting diode with one or two transistors and one or two photodetectors. The design considerations for building arrays with densities of up to 10^4 cm^-2 are discussed

    Leeway: Addressing Variability in Dead-Block Prediction for Last-Level Caches

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    Quantum tetrahedra and simplicial spin networks

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    A new link between tetrahedra and the group SU(2) is pointed out: by associating to each face of a tetrahedron an irreducible unitary SU(2) representation and by imposing that the faces close, the concept of quantum tetrahedron is seen to emerge. The Hilbert space of the quantum tetrahedron is introduced and it is shown that, due to an uncertainty relation, the ``geometry of the tetrahedron'' exists only in the sense of ``mean geometry''. A kinematical model of quantum gauge theory is also proposed, which shares the advantages of the Loop Representation approach in handling in a simple way gauge- and diff-invariances at a quantum level, but is completely combinatorial. The concept of quantum tetrahedron finds a natural application in this model, giving a possible intepretation of SU(2) spin networks in terms of geometrical objects.Comment: 11 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure.ps, typos corrected, references added and updated, a note added, E-mail and postal addresses change

    Real-time assembly of ribonucleoprotein complexes on nascent RNA transcripts.

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    Cellular protein-RNA complexes assemble on nascent transcripts, but methods to observe transcription and protein binding in real time and at physiological concentrations are not available. Here, we report a single-molecule approach based on zero-mode waveguides that simultaneously tracks transcription progress and the binding of ribosomal protein S15 to nascent RNA transcripts during early ribosome biogenesis. We observe stable binding of S15 to single RNAs immediately after transcription for the majority of the transcripts at 35 °C but for less than half at 20 °C. The remaining transcripts exhibit either rapid and transient binding or are unable to bind S15, likely due to RNA misfolding. Our work establishes the foundation for studying transcription and its coupled co-transcriptional processes, including RNA folding, ligand binding, and enzymatic activity such as in coupling of transcription to splicing, ribosome assembly or translation

    Odorant-Bindeproteine (OBPs) als molekulare Detektoreinheiten für die Erkennung und Diskriminierung von Duftstoffen

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    Das olfakorische System ist in der Lage, Tausende von Duftstoffen zu diskriminieren und sie z.T. in geringste Konzentrationen zu detektieren. Diese enorme Erkennungskapazität wird generell auf die Vielfalt an Odorantrezeptoren der olfaktorischen Sinneszellen zurückgeführt. Man geht jedoch davon aus, daß die Duftstoffmoleküle zunächst mit den sogenannten Odorant-Bindeproteinen (OBPs) interagieren, die als Transporter die überwiegend hydrophoben organischen Moleküle durch die wässrige Mucusbarriere zu den Sinneszellen transferieren. OBPs gehören zu den Lipocalinen, die sich durch eine simple aber sehr rigide beta-Faß Struktur mit einer hydrophoben Bindungstasche und einer überwiegend hydrophilen Proteinoberfläche auszeichnen; sie stellen damit ideale „Lösungsvermittler“ für hydrophobe Substanzen dar. Die Entdeckung von mehreren OBP-Subtypen in einer Spezies und die geringe Sequenzhomologie der Subtypen untereinander legte die Vermutung nahe, dass die unterschiedlichen OBPs für die Interaktion mit distinkten chemischen Strukturklassen spezialisiert sind, d.h. über eine gewissen Ligandenspezifität verfügen. Im Hinblick auf detaillierte Analysen der Bindungseigenschaften von OBPs wurden drei identifizierte OBP-Subtypen der Ratte in E. coli als Histidin-Fusionsproteine überexprimiert und unter nativen Bedingungen gereinigt. Für die Charakterisierung der Wechselwirkungen dieser Proteine mit verschiedenen Liganden wurde ein markierungsfreier fluoreszenzspektroskopischer “Schnelltest“ entwickelt, der auf einer reversiblen Interaktion von OBP mit Fluoreszenzchromophor beruht. Durch die Änderung der Fluoreszenzeigenschaften des Chromophors bei einer spezifischen Wechselwirkung mit dem OBP sind die gebundenen Chromophoren im Emissionsspektrum selektiv erkennbar; eine Trennung von freiem und gebundenen Chromophore wird dadurch überflüssig. Diese Methode scheint für ein Hochdurchsatzscreening prädestiniert zu sein

    Measurement of Time-of-Arrival in Quantum Mechanics

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    It is argued that the time-of-arrival cannot be precisely defined and measured in quantum mechanics. By constructing explicit toy models of a measurement, we show that for a free particle it cannot be measured more accurately then ΔtA1/Ek\Delta t_A \sim 1/E_k, where EkE_k is the initial kinetic energy of the particle. With a better accuracy, particles reflect off the measuring device, and the resulting probability distribution becomes distorted. It is shown that a time-of-arrival operator cannot exist, and that approximate time-of-arrival operators do not correspond to the measurements considered here.Comment: References added. To appear in Phys. Rev.
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