The Enlargement of European Union and Labor Market: Trends and Challenges

In this paper the relationship between the EU labor markets and Eastern Enlargement is examined. Several issues will be examined throughout the paper, namely the current challenges and problems of the EU labor markets, their impacts on the overall competitiveness of the European economy, and the possible effects of the Eastern enlargement on both of these

Studies on questions of design and construction of chain scraper conveyors

The basic behavior of mining crushed goods in chain scraper conveyors was examined using a special test stand. The characteristics resistance lines of the upper end-piece were determined for conveyor idle as a function of the determinative crushed good characteristics (granular structure, moisture content, type of goods) on the size of the conveyor load, on the conveyor construction and on the stopped time of the conveyor. Crushed goods with a narrow granular profile and sphere-like grains caused about 35% greater resistance than fine coal and raw coal with broad granular profile. For goods containing water more than 10% by weight, the solids friction retreated in favor of flow friction. The coefficient of resistance decreased considerably in the range of lower speeds and then increased with increasing conveyor speed. The conveyance of sandstone ore required about 280% greater specific drive than the conveyance of raw coal. Resistance coefficients for coal and raw coal showed no dependence on the design of the conveyor. Start-up of loaded conveyors after longer stop times was simulated and the specific break-loose force was determined

Research Needs and Learning Format Preferences of Graduate Students at a Large Public University: An Exploratory Study

This article reports on a study of research needs and learning preferences of graduate students at a public research university. A sequential exploratory mixed-method design was used, with a survey instrument developed from an initial qualitative stage. Significant differences were found between master’s and doctoral students’ and on-campus and online students’ confidence with several research skills. Graduate students overall prefer asynchronous online options and in-person workshops over synchronous online instruction and in-class presentations for learning research skills. The article concludes with a discussion of the value of the sequential exploratory mixed-method design for informing practice at an individual institution.Publisher allows immediate open acces

Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the Gibbs potential of ice

The 2004 Gibbs thermodynamic potential function of naturally abundant water ice is based on much more experimental data than its predecessors, is therefore significantly more accurate and reliable, and for the first time describes the entire temperature and pressure range of existence of this ice phase. It is expressed in the ITS-90 temperature scale and is consistent with the current scientific pure water standard, IAPWS-95, and the 2003 Gibbs potential of seawater. The combination of these formulations provides sublimation pressures, freezing points, and sea ice properties covering the parameter ranges of oceanographic interest. This paper provides source code examples in Visual Basic, Fortran and C++ for the computation of the Gibbs function of ice and its partial derivatives. It reports the most important related thermodynamic equations for ice and sea ice properties

New Perspectives in Sinographic Language Processing Through the Use of Character Structure

Chinese characters have a complex and hierarchical graphical structure carrying both semantic and phonetic information. We use this structure to enhance the text model and obtain better results in standard NLP operations. First of all, to tackle the problem of graphical variation we define allographic classes of characters. Next, the relation of inclusion of a subcharacter in a characters, provides us with a directed graph of allographic classes. We provide this graph with two weights: semanticity (semantic relation between subcharacter and character) and phoneticity (phonetic relation) and calculate "most semantic subcharacter paths" for each character. Finally, adding the information contained in these paths to unigrams we claim to increase the efficiency of text mining methods. We evaluate our method on a text classification task on two corpora (Chinese and Japanese) of a total of 18 million characters and get an improvement of 3% on an already high baseline of 89.6% precision, obtained by a linear SVM classifier. Other possible applications and perspectives of the system are discussed.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, presented at CICLing 201

Numerical implementation and oceanographic application of the thermodynamic potentials of liquid water, water vapour, ice, seawater and humid air – Part 2: The library routines

The SCOR/IAPSO<sup>1</sup> Working Group 127 on Thermodynamics and Equation of State of Seawater has prepared recommendations for new methods and algorithms for numerical estimation of the the thermophysical properties of seawater. As an outcome of this work, a new International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater (TEOS–10) was endorsed by IOC/UNESCO<sup>2</sup> in June 2009 as the official replacement and extension of the 1980 International Equation of State, EOS-80. As part of this new standard a source code package has been prepared that is now made freely available to users via the World Wide Web. This package includes two libraries referred to as the SIA (Sea-Ice-Air) library and the GSW (Gibbs SeaWater) library. Information on the GSW library may be found on the TEOS-10 web site (<a href="http://www.TEOS-10.org" target="_blank">http://www.TEOS-10.org</a>). This publication provides an introduction to the SIA library which contains routines to calculate various thermodynamic properties as discussed in the companion paper. The SIA library is very comprehensive, including routines to deal with fluid water, ice, seawater and humid air as well as equilibrium states involving various combinations of these, with equivalent code developed in different languages. The code is hierachically structured in modules that support (i) almost unlimited extension with respect to additional properties or relations, (ii) an extraction of self-contained sub-libraries, (iii) separate updating of the empirical thermodynamic potentials, and (iv) code verification on different platforms and between different languages. Error trapping is implemented to identify when one or more of the primary routines are accessed significantly beyond their established range of validity. The initial version of the SIA library is available in Visual Basic and FORTRAN as a supplement to this publication and updates will be maintained on the TEOS-10 web site. <br><br> <sup>1</sup>SCOR/IAPSO: Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research/International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans<br> <sup>2</sup>IOC/UNESCO: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizatio

Comparison of Friedrich Holderlin and John Keats in their respective backgrounds with emphasis on the differences between their two countries

There are, as my Bibliography shows, many works on Hölderlin and Keats considered individually, so that any new work that claims, like the present thesis, to be independent, needs some. justification.The questions arise: Is there any sense in comparing these two poets? What is the essence of Hölderlin and the essence of Keats?It may be simply stated that both John Keats and Friedrich Hölderlin were great poets. The first glimpse we take of them shows us two, men living and writing at about the same time, often on similar themes; both with an actual poetic life of a very few years, both with personal histories of a sad and tragic nature. Sharing in some of the characteristics of the Romantic age, they were not necessarily wholly Romantic themselves. Both claimed for themselves the right to challenge authority, and as original genúpses to strike out on a path for themselves.My task is to explain and compare the characteristic individualities of these poets, by considering their respective backgrounds. The literature of the past, I think, we can only truly understand, if we can relate it to the history, not only of the political movements, but also of the religious, philosophical and scientific movements of the time.The particular purpose of this investigation is to ascertain and bring out the differences between Germany and England at that period, and to consider how these two poets, with certain basic similarities in temperament and gifts, developed differently in their different environments. The individualistic point of view lays emphasis on the importance of self- realisation; on the other hand, the environmental point of view makes primary and fundamental questions such as the value of knowledge or social duties and responsibilities. By 'environment' I imply more than "surroundings which compass an individual", namely, the "specific continuity of the surroundings with his own active tendencies."Both poets have seen most deeply into the meaning of Nature; both brought to their study and the individual interpretation peculiar to each, the supreme qualities of close and loving observation and sympathy. And both poets 'resemble each other in the determination which their genius gave to these qualities.Both poets were deeply conscious that poetry was their mission; it is revealed in their writings, and we have their own words for it too. Poetry as Hölderlin saw it was entrusted with the mission of revealing to a community the gods it should serve. Poetry sums up the circumstances in which a people comes into communion with its gods and in such poetry finds its higher life expressed and realised at one and the same time. Keats's conviction of the poet's office is to be the voice of one proclaiming a message, making clear a vision, transmuting into the words of a less esoteric language the conception and enunciation of a high truth, so that it may be "understanded of the people ". The function of the poet is to draw away the veils that obscure the splendours of Nature, and reveal their true and intrinsic beauty to man, so that in poetry he may find comfort to soothe him when laden with cares, and raise his thoughts above everyday life.In Part I it is the differences between the two backgrounds, especially in so far as they arise from deep -seated differences between the two countries and peoples, on which particular stress is laid. It may be a fact, as Dr. Johnson says, that "Nobody can write the life of a man but those who have eat and drunk and lived in social intercourse with him." Unfortunately such a requirement cannot now be fulfilled in the case of Hölderlin and Keats, but we can at least get to know much that was said and done by those who did come into close personal contact with them. So, too, we can contemplate their external circumstances of every kind and so form some idea of the effects these may have had on what they wrote.During my preparations it became clear to me that such an attempt requires more to carry it through than the sharp clearness of critical reasoning. That is necessary. But it is more necessary to have a psychological and emotional sympathy.In Part II, therefore, I have endeavoured in this way to trace the growth and development of the soul from its initial stages, with the influences which have been brought to bear on it.I attempt to show to what degree Hölderlin and. Keats resemble each other, and how far what was most similar in them came to be differently expressed, Partly because of their backgrounds and partly because of their different psychologies

Reading Competence and Graphemic Competence: Impacts of the Chinese Writing System on Designing Competence Descriptors for the “European Benchmarks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) Project

The “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” (CEFR 2001) is a tool that is widely used as an instructional basis for all foreign language education in Europe. From 2010 to 2012, the European Commission funded the project “European Benchmarks for the Chinese Language” (EBCL) in order to develop benchmarks and competence descriptors for Chinese as a Foreign Language on the basis of the CEFR. After a short introduction of the project (which is freely accessible on the web) which mainly deals with the introductory levels A1 and A2, the article discusses several aspects and conflicts that occurred during the adaptation of CEFR competence descriptors for EBCL reading competence in Chinese on different levels of competency, and gives some examples. In the last chapter, the newly designed descriptors for “Graphemic and Orthographic Competence” in Chinese are introduced in detail