The impact of income shocks on children education: the 1987-1989 locust plague in Mali.

This paper estimates the long run impact of a large income shock, by exploiting the regional variation of the 1987-1989 locust invasion in Mali. Using exhaustive Population Census data, we construct birth cohorts of individuals and compare those born and living in the years and villages a ected by locust plagues with other cohorts. We assert that in-utero and early childhood exposure to income shock had a larger negative effects on the probability to go to school than later childhood exposure. Indeed, the proportion of boys born during the shock and who later enrolled at school is reduced by 4.9% if they lived in a community invaded by locusts, and by 3.5% for girls. This impact goes up to 6% for boys and 5% for girls living in rural areas. Concerning the number of years of education and the probability to achieve primary school, no real impact is found for boys while girls who lived in a community a ected by locusts have completed between 0.25 and 0.67 lower grades than if they had lived in another community. Finally, we nd that children living in rural localities and belonging to farmer households appear to have been much more affected than other children, living in urban localities or belonging to cattle breeder or shopkeeper households.Locust.; Education; Shocks; Mali;

The Dual Origin Of The Nitrogen Deficiency In Comets: Selective Volatile Trapping In The Nebula And Postaccretion Radiogenic Heating

We propose a scenario that explains the apparent nitrogen deficiency in comets in away that is consistent with the fact that the surfaces of Pluto and Triton are dominated by nitrogen-rich ice. We use a statistical thermodynamic model to investigate the composition of the successive multiple guest clathrates that may have formed during the cooling of the primordial nebula from the most abundant volatiles present in the gas phase. These clathrates agglomerated with the other ices (pure condensates or stoichiometric hydrates) and formed the building blocks of comets. We report that molecular nitrogen is a poor clathrate former, when we consider a plausible gas-phase composition of the primordial nebula. This implies that its trapping into cometesimals requires a low disk temperature (similar to 20 K) in order to allow the formation of its pure condensate. We find that it is possible to explain the lack of molecular nitrogen in comets as a consequence of their postformation internal heating engendered by the decay of short-lived radiogenic nuclides. This scenario is found to be consistent with the presence of nitrogen-rich ice covers on Pluto and Triton. Our model predicts that comets should present xenon-to-water and krypton-to-water ratios close to solar xenon-to-oxygen and krypton-to-oxygen ratios, respectively. In contrast, the argon-to-water ratio is predicted to be depleted by a factor of similar to 300 in comets compared to solar argon-to-oxygen, as a consequence of poor trapping efficiency and radiogenic heating.CNESJPLAstronom

Expanding Duplication of Free Fatty Acid Receptor-2 (GPR43) Genes in the Chicken Genome

International audienceFree fatty acid receptors (FFAR) belong to a family of five G-protein coupled receptors that are involved in the regulation of lipidmetabolism, so that their loss of function increases the risk of obesity. The aim of this study was to determine the expansion of genesencoding paralogs of FFAR2 in the chicken, considered as amodel organism for developmental biology and biomedical research. Byestimating the gene copy number using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, genomic DNA resequencing, and RNA sequencingdata, we showed the existence of 23 ±1.5 genes encoding FFAR2 paralogs in the chicken genome. The FFAR2 paralogs shared anidentity from 87.2%up to 99%. Extensive gene conversion was responsible for this high degree of sequence similarities betweenthese genes, and this concerned especially the four amino acids known to be critical for ligand binding. Moreover, elevated nonsynonymous/synonymous substitutionratios onsomeamino acids withinor inclose-vicinity of the ligand-bindinggroove suggest thatpositive selectionmay have reduced the effective rate of gene conversion in this region, thus contributing to diversify the function ofsome FFAR2 paralogs. All the FFAR2 paralogs were located on a microchromosome in a same linkage group. FFAR2 genes wereexpressed in different tissues and cells such as spleen, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, abdominal adipose tissue, intestine, andlung, with the highest rate of expression in testis. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these chicken-specificevents along evolution are the consequence of domestication and may play a role in regulating lipid metabolism in this species

La gestion financière des exploitations agricoles en 1991 : les différents modes d'adaptation aux variations conjoncturelles

The analysis of farms' accounts on several years running is efficient to identify different groups of economic trajectories. It allow us to explain the causes of different evolutions, bankruptcy or improvement, for farms in the same financial stress at the beginning. The construction of trajectories' groups from the sum of net cashflow on three accounting periods underlines the discrepancy of performances and financial situations between farms. Theses differences don't seem to be modified by the CAP reform

Price-Aware Automated Market Makers: Models Beyond Brownian Prices and Static Liquidity

In this paper, we introduce a suite of models for price-aware automated market making platforms willing to optimize their quotes. These models incorporate advanced price dynamics, including stochastic volatility, jumps, and microstructural price models based on Hawkes processes. Additionally, we address the variability in demand from liquidity takers through models that employ either Hawkes or Markov-modulated Poisson processes. Each model is analyzed with particular emphasis placed on the complexity of the numerical methods required to compute optimal quotes

OSSOS. IV. DISCOVERY OF A DWARF PLANET CANDIDATE IN THE 9 : 2 RESONANCE WITH NEPTUNE

We report the discovery and orbit of a new dwarf planet candidate, 2015 RR245, by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS). The orbit of 2015 RR245 is eccentric (e = 0.586), with a semimajor axis near 82 au, yielding a perihelion distance of 34 au. 2015 RR245 has g - r = 0.59 +/- 0.11 and absolute magnitude H-r = 3.6 +/- 0.1; for an assumed albedo of p(V) = 12%, the object has a diameter of similar to 670. km. Based on astrometric measurements from OSSOS and Pan-STARRS1, we find that 2015 RR245 is securely trapped on ten-megayear timescales in the 9: 2 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. It is the first trans-Neptunian object (TNO) identified in this resonance. On hundred-megayear. timescales, particles in 2015 RR245-like orbits depart and sometimes return to the resonance, indicating that 2015 RR245 likely forms part of the long-lived metastable population of distant TNOs that drift between resonance sticking and actively scattering via gravitational encounters with Neptune. The discovery of a 9: 2 TNO stresses the role of resonances in the long-term evolution of objects in the scattering disk. and reinforces the view that distant resonances are heavily populated in the current solar system. This object further motivates detailed modeling of the transient sticking population.Peer reviewe

Impact of Exacerbation History on Dupilumab Efficacy in Children with Uncontrolled Moderate-to-Severe Asthma: LIBERTY ASTHMA VOYAGE Study

Asthma control; Lung function; Pediatric asthmaControl del asma; Función pulmonar; Asma pediátricaControl de l'asma; Funció pulmonar; Asma pediàtricaResearch sponsored by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02948959. Medical writing/editorial assistance was provided by Natalia Crespo, PhD, of Excerpta Medica, and was funded by Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., according to the Good Publication Practice guidelines: 2022 update

Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra–Andaman earthquake

The Sumatra–Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitude M_w > 9.0) to have occurred since the advent of modern space-based geodesy and broadband seismology. It therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these enormous and rare events. Here we report estimates of the ground displacement associated with this event, using near-field Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in northwestern Sumatra combined with in situ and remote observations of the vertical motion of coral reefs. These data show that the earthquake was generated by rupture of the Sunda subduction megathrust over a distance of >1,500 kilometres and a width of <150 kilometres. Megathrust slip exceeded 20 metres offshore northern Sumatra, mostly at depths shallower than 30 kilometres. Comparison of the geodetically and seismically inferred slip distribution indicates that ~30 per cent additional fault slip accrued in the 1.5 months following the 500-second-long seismic rupture. Both seismic and aseismic slip before our re-occupation of GPS sites occurred on the shallow portion of the megathrust, where the large Aceh tsunami originated. Slip tapers off abruptly along strike beneath Simeulue Island at the southeastern edge of the rupture, where the earthquake nucleated and where an M_w = 7.2 earthquake occurred in late 2002. This edge also abuts the northern limit of slip in the 28 March 2005 M_w = 8.7 Nias–Simeulue earthquake

The Outer Solar System Origins Survey : I. Design and First-Quarter Discoveries

We report the discovery, tracking, and detection circumstances for 85 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) from the first 42 deg(2) of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey. This ongoing r-band solar system survey uses the 0.9 deg(2) field of view MegaPrime camera on the 3.6m Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Our orbital elements for these TNOs are precise to a fractional semimajor axis uncertaintyPeer reviewe