Residential Land Prices Prior to Development

This paper tests various hypotheses related to expectations and the value of undeveloped land. Evidence is found to support the hypothesis by Capozza and Helsley (1989) that the price of land in rapidly growing cities reflects a significant premium based upon expectations about future growth. There is also evidence that this premium varies from less than 40% of land value during down times to over 70% during boom times. Additional hypotheses tested related to development expectations for smaller geographic areas within the market. Land values reflect forecasts of employment up to five or six years into the future for nine square mile planning areas. The level of residential development activity from two to three miles around individual parcels is also capitalized into value. Much of the value of urban land may be explained by the growth rate of the metropolitan area and micro-geographic factors related to individual parcels.

Sanitary Landfills, Stigma and Industrial Land Values

A significant literature exists that documents reductions in property value around toxic, chemical and in some cases solid waste landfills. There is also an emerging literature on stigma-related damage, which can be defined as a loss in value due to the increased risk associated with a contaminated property even after the problem has been eliminated. This research extends the empirical literature on landfills by examining the impact that solid waste landfills have on surrounding industrial property. The results indicate that the value of industrial land around an open, solid waste landfill is reduced by the presence of the landfill. Property around closed, solid waste landfills and open and closed refuse landfills is not adversely affected by the landfills. These results are not affected by the presence or absence of methane gas controls and ground water monitoring systems. Landfills sold with industrial zoning are discounted substantially by the market for various reasons, probably including limited alternative future uses, costs of remediation and potential liability from being in the chain of title.

Loss of Age-Restricted Status and Property Values: Youngtown Arizona

This study finds evidence of a large premium in house prices in Youngtown Arizona attributable to its age-restricted status. The persistence of a premium over long periods of time suggests that age restricted status can be a valuable component of the housing bundle, much like physical characteristics or location. It is likely that age-restricted status acts as a signal that the community provides facilities and services that meet the needs of the elderly and the assurance that those facilities and services will be available in the future. This assurance reduces uncertainty about the future and it is the reduced uncertainty that can be capitalized into house prices. The loss of age-restricted status in Youngtown, which increased uncertainty about the future, resulted in the elimination of the premium over approximately twelve to eighteen months even though essentially the same facilities and services continued to be available. The legal determination that Youngtown?s age restriction ordinance was invalid and could not be enforced had an immediate but temporary negative impact on house prices.

The Members Speak: A Summary of the ARES Membership Survey Report

Most respondents to the survey indicated a high level of satisfaction with the current activities of ARES, while some members offered suggestions to improve the organization. Much of the data and other comments produced by the survey have been incorporated into various parts of the current Strategic Plan.

Age Restriction and Property Values

This study finds evidence of an age restriction premium that is maintained over time and across varying market conditions. Prior research has demonstrated that the reduced uncertainty associated with private covenants and deed restrictions can be capitalized into value. Age-restricted subdivisions provide a measure of certainty that future property owners must meet the same threshold age requirement satisfied by current owners. The evidence presented here is that this enhanced certainty is capitalized into property values, independent of the structural characteristics of individual units or subdivision amenities. Proposed federal regulations for age-restricted projects created uncertainty for several years in lower priced subdivisions that might not have met the new minimum quality standards. However, there is no evidence that this uncertainty impacted house prices.

Analysis of Influence of Heat Transfer Conditions on the Upper Cover to Heat Transfer in Thermosyphon

Numerical analysis of thermal conditions of a two-phase closed thermosyphon using the software package ANSYS FLUENT has been carried out. Temperature distributions at various heat transfer conditions on upper cover and different heat flow on bottom cover of thermosyphon have been obtained

Following the coalition? Testing the impact of coalitions on policy preferences in Germany

Ultimately, electoral democracy is about governments doing what citizens want. However, considerable evidence shows that parties influence citizens' preferences. Most studies on party influence rely on experimental designs that present participants with parties' positions. The disadvantage of experiments is that many citizens are already aware of those positions, thus underestimating party influence. Very few studies assess reactions to real changes in party positions, which avoids this limitation. We break new ground by assessing the impact of changes in coalition governments, which lead parties to express different positions for reasons that are partly exogenous to elite and mass preferences, on partisans' attitudes. Using panel data from the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES), we leverage a major coalition change by Angela Merkel in Germany in 2013. We find that this change influenced the preferences of partisans of the coalition parties. Our findings have significant implications for how we think about democratic representation in multi-party contexts

Addis Ababa Airport zwischen Globalisierung und Fragmentierung : Ein Hub in Raum und Zeit

Diese Forschungsarbeit untersucht den Flughafen von Äthiopiens Kapitale Addis Abeba als einen Ort, an dem verschiedenartige, teils ambivalente Entwicklungen zusammen¬treffen. Der Bole International Airport steht als Beispiel für aufstrebende Gro߬flughäfen an der Schwelle zu global wirksamen Drehkreuzen. An dieser exponierten Stelle verkörpert er verbindende und beschleunigende Kräfte, die mit seinem Betrieb einhergehen. Ebenfalls auszumachen sind jedoch auch begrenzende und verlangsamende Effekte, die partiell an die Wirkungsweise eines solchen Umschlagplatzes gekoppelt sind. Die Arbeit identifiziert eine Reihe von Faktoren auf unterschiedlichen raum-zeitlichen Ebenen, die in ihrer Summe die Bedeutung dieses Flughafens ausmachen. In seiner geographischen Lage positioniert er sich global als Vermittler asiatisch-afrikanischer Bewegungs-ströme und wird zum Einfallstor zumal für chinesische Aktivitäten in Afrika. Addis ist eine kontinentale Drehscheibe, die mit Hilfe ihres Home-Carriers Ethiopian Airlines über neue Airline-Beteiligungen und regionale Zubringer panafrikanische Konnektivität schafft. Eine starke nationale Führung verknüpft den vom Staat kontrollierten Luftfahrtsektor mit einer Entwicklungs¬strategie, die vorrangig auf den Energie- und Transportbereich setzt. Die prosperierende Metropole Addis Abeba manifestiert ihren Aufschwung mit lokalen Bau- und Verkehrsprojekten, die weit über den Flughafen hinausreichen. Basierend auf Äthiopiens langer Luftfahrttradition wird die Investition in eigene Ausbildungskapazitäten zu einem kontinuier-lichen Antrieb für den identitätsschaffenden Aviation-Sektor. Der reale Flugbetrieb schafft ein sich wiederholendes Muster von Umsteigewellen und Aktivitätsrastern, deren Wachstums-sequenzen sich überlagern. Das Tempo nimmt weiterhin zu, sowohl bei der Umsetzung der Ausbauvorhaben am Bole Airport als auch bei der Geschwindigkeit der dort angestoßenen Prozesse – wie sich am Beispiel der wachsenden Luftfrachtkapazität und der immer rascheren Exportabwicklung zeigt. Hochfliegende Visionen der Airline und Pläne für einen neuen Flughafen treiben den augenblicklichen Wachstumskurs weiter voran. Intensität und Erfolg all dieser Prozesse bringen auch Schattenseiten mit sich. Dazu gehören etwa neue Abhängigkeiten von chinesischen Investitionen, wachsende Vorbehalte und sich verhärtende Fronten im idealerweise geeinten kontinentalen Luftraum, eine einseitige nationale Wachstumsagenda mit autoritären Zügen und lokale Unstimmigkeiten angesichts zunehmend ausgeschlossener Akteursgruppen. Auch birgt die Intensität der Beschleunigung, mit der die Luftfahrtexpansion in Addis Abeba einhergeht, die Gefahr einer Überforderung von Infrastruktur, Personal und Umgebung. Es konnte aufgezeigt werden, dass der Standort ein aufschlussreiches Beispiel darstellt für aktuelle Neuorientierung innerhalb der globalen Luftfahrt¬landschaft. Flughäfen stehen im Spannungsfeld von Globalisierung und Fragmentierung. Angesichts dessen werden Geographien des Flughafens selbst gewissermaßen zu einem Umschlagplatz, an dem unterschiedliche Subdisziplinen, ihre theoretischen Blickwinkel und Methoden zusammen-finden. Die Rolle des Flughafens als Hub für multiskalare Entwicklungsprozesse und flexible Übergänge von Raum und Zeit ist in Äthiopien besonders relevant und wird aufgrund der feststellbaren Dynamiken aller Voraussicht nach weiter an Bedeutung gewinnen.This research identifies the airport of Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa as a place, where multiple and sometimes ambivalent developments coincide. Bole International serves as an example for emerging major airports on the brink of becoming global gateways. At this point Addis Ababa Airport radiates connecting and accelerating forces. However, at the same time restricting and slowing effects go hand in hand with its operations. The study identifies a number of factors on different spatio-temporal scales that in sum represent the significance of the airport. Due to its geographical location Bole Airport is positioning itself as a global connector for Asian-African flows of movement and above all as an entrance gate for Chinese activities in Africa. Addis is a continental powerhouse which creates Pan-African connectivity by using the strength of its home carrier Ethiopian Airlines to acquire new stakes in regional airlines and feeders in Africa. A strong national leadership strategically combines the state-controlled aviation sector with a development plan, which mainly focuses on the energy and transport sector. The flourishing city of Addis manifests its boom with local construction projects and new traffic lines that go way beyond Bole Airport. Based on Ethiopia's long aviation tradition the country has continuously been investing in human capacity development creating its own identity. The day-to-day air traffic builds a repetitive pattern of connecting flights and operational activities. As the findings show, the pace of growth is still increasing – due not only to the implementation of expansion projects such as cargo facilities but also with regard to the speed of export handling. Airline visions and plans for a new airport will continue to fuel the growth path. However, the intensity and success of all these processes may in fact bring along problematic side effects. To name a few examples, there are new interdependencies on Chinese investments, growing regional reservations towards an ideally unified continental airspace, a mono directional suppressive national growth agenda, and local disagreements in the light of increasingly excluded groups of stakeholders. The intensifying acceleration of the air transport industry in Addis Ababa is leading to a serious risk of overstressing infrastructure, workforce, and environment. It could be shown, that the chosen research site gives an instructive example for new orientation within the worldwide aviation landscape. Airports must be seen in the context of globalization and fragmentation. Against this background airport geographies are becoming a sort of trading zone where different sub-disciplines, their theoretical perspectives, and methodological approaches meet. The role of the airport as a hub for multi-scalar development processes and flexible transitions of space and time is of particular relevance in Ethiopia, and, due to the observable dynamics, it will most likely gain in importance

Das subjektive Beweisverständnis von Studierenden beim Lesen mathematischer Beweise

Von Dozierenden wird das Lesen von Beweisen, um sie zu verstehen als wichtige Lerngelegenheit angesehen. Jedoch wurde festgestellt, dass die Studierenden diese Lerngelegenheit nicht adäquat nutzen (Weber & Mejiaramos, 2014). Hodds et al. (2014) gehen davon aus, dass Studierende zwar die kognitiven Fähigkeiten besitzen die Beweise zu verstehen, allerdings sie lesen die Beweise nicht effektiv