KARAKTERISASI SENYAWA ANTIMUTAGENIK DARI TUMBUHAN PAKAN PRIMATA, PUSPA (Schima wallichii Korth.)

The objective of this research is to find compound which has antimutagenic activity on primate-consumed plant, Puspa (Schima walichii Korth). In this research, antimutagenic activity tested on tested animal, mice, with micronucleus test and phytochemistry to know active compound that involved in this activity. Antimutagenic activity test was conducted by giving induction material, cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), to mice to induct the mutation or mutagenesis. The result showed that methanol extract at 1000 dan 2000 mg/kg, decreased micronucleus frequency significantly than the negative control. To trace the active compound that role in antimutagenic activity, metanol extract fracted and the effect of each fraction tested by the same method. The result indicated that etil acetate fraction at 450 and 900 mg/kg or water fraction at 700 and 1400 mg/kg decreased micronucleus frequency significantly than negative control. Its means that the both of fraction has antimutagenic activity, and based on the decreased number is knew that water fraction is stronger than etil acetate fraction activity. Then, water fraction fracted with  n-butanol until n­-butanol and water fraction obtained. Both of those fraction at 350 and 700 mg/kg doses give antimutagenic activity significantly, but water fraction has antimutagenic activity is stronger (percentage of micronukelus decrease frequency at 42,0% for n­-butanol 700 mg/kg, and 63,3% for water fraction 700 mg/kg). From etil acetate fraction was isolated one compound and so is the n-butanol fraction. To know its antimutagenic activity, the compound was tested with micronucleus method. But both of this structure compounds has not been determined yet. Thereby, this result gives information that primate-consumed plant potency to get new medicine for human health

Sexual size dimorphism in Asian colobines revisited

Asian colobines exhibit a wide range of sexual dimorphism in body mass. Some species are monomorphic, whereas others are strongly dimorphic. Strong sexual dimorphism is generally viewed as the consequence of intense male contest competition over access to mates, but this idea appears not to explain variation in sexual dimorphism in Asian colobines. Our results show that modular colobines, i.e. species in which social units aggregate into higher-level bands or often associate, have significantly higher levels of sexual dimorphism in body mass than the nonmodular ones. This finding was corroborated by means of phylogenetically controlled methods and multiple regression analyses. The results suggest that living in a modular society intensifies the contest competition among males, which is further exacerbated by the continuous presence of all-male units

Relationships between the diet and dentition of Asian leaf monkeys

Colobines have been generally described as primates that use the anterior teeth minimally, but the posterior teeth extensively, to process leaves and related food items. However, variation among leaf monkeys in both anterior and posterior dental morphology has been recognized for decades. In this study, we turn to Hylander\u27s (Science 189 (1975) 1095-1098) analysis of anterior incisor row length and Kay\u27s (Adaptations for foraging in nonhuman primates, 1984) examination of relative molar crest length to test hypotheses proposed by them for Asian colobines. We present findings based on data from the largest Asian colobine sample measured to date. Our findings for incisor row length and molar cresting are not amenable to broad generalizations. In those instances when our morphological findings concur with those of Hylander (Science 189 (1975) 1095-1098) and Kay and Hylander (The ecology of arboreal folivores, 1978), the ecological evidence seldom supports the morphological predictions. The disassociation between diet and dental patterns may be a consequence of differential selection by fallback foods, anthropogenic disturbance or climatic shifts limiting preferred diets, or the use of food types as opposed to food mechanical properties for dietary categorization. We also found that in the case of both incisor row length and molar crest length, the patterns for males and females differed markedly. The reasons for these differences may in part be ascribed to the metabolic challenges faced by females and subsequent niche partitioning. We propose integrated analyses of the ingestive and digestive systems of our study taxa to clarify relationships among behavior, dental morphology, and diet in extant and extinct colobines