Climate Improvement Districts - ein Bindeglied zwischen Stadtentwicklung und Klimaschutz?

Der Klimawandel ist national und global ein allgegenwärtiges Thema und eine zentrale Herausforderung für die Gesellschaft. In mehreren wissenschaftlichen Studien ist bewiesen, dass sich das Klima verändert, weshalb zukunftsfähige Handlungen nötig sind. Maßnahmen im Bereich von Klimaschutz und Energieeffizienz können in der Stadtplanung über das Städtebaurecht und das Energiefachrecht erfolgen. In dieser Publikation wird anhand der derzeitigen Gesetzgebung analysiert, was bereits möglich ist und was nicht, und mit diesem Ergebnis werden Anknüpfungspunkte und Möglichkeiten für ein Climate Improvement District dargestellt, wobei klimaschützende Maßnahmen durch Private erfolgen. Climate Improvement Districts gehören zu den sogenannten Urban Improvement Districts, bei denen es sich um eine private Initiative zur Stadtentwicklung gemäß § 171 f Baugesetzbuch handelt. Dabei werden in festgelegten Gebieten wie Innenstädten, Stadtteilzentren sowie Wohnquartieren und Gewerbezentren Entwicklungsmaßnahmen in privater Verantwortung durchgeführt. Abgeleitet von den bereits existierenden Business Improvement Districts und den Housing Improvement Districts soll Klimaschutz bürgernah und mit privatem Kapital erfolgen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das neue Instrument zu erklären und auf seine derzeitige Anwendbarkeit zu prüfen. Dazu werden zum einen die Business Improvement Districts und die Housing Improvement Districts vor allem auf ihre rechtlichen Grundlagen und ihre Umsetzung untersucht und zum anderen analysiert, ob und wie sich diese Ausgangspunkte auf ein Climate Improvement District übertragen lassen können. Darüber hinaus werden Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und verschiedene Handlungen wie beispielsweise Energieeinsparung und Verkehr sowie Maßnahmen für bestimmte Quartiersformen vorgestellt. Die Einrichtung eines Climate Improvement Districts ist prinzipiell möglich, allerdings müsste dazu eine Änderung in den Landesgesetzen vollzogen werden. In Abgrenzung zu den bereits möglichen Vorkehrungen durch Baugesetzbuch und Energiefachrecht bieten sich viele Anknüpfungspunkte zur Gestaltung eines Climate Improvement Districts. Durch Engagement und Wissen der Bürger können Maßnahmen im sozialen, ökologischen und ökonomischen Bereich durchgeführt werden. Climate Improvement Districts erweisen sich als zukunftsfähiges Mittel zum Klimaschutz.Climate Change has become an ubiquitous topic and poses one of the biggest challenges facing society, both on a national and on a global level. Several academic studies have demonstrated that the climate is changing and that sustainable measures are needed. Measures in the field of climate protection and energy efficiency can be deducted from by the town planning law and the German Energy Specialty Law. This publication uses the current legislation analyzing its implement opportunities. Based on the result of this analysis, it presents the possibilities and connecting factors for a Climate Improvement District taking into account that climate-friendly measures are usually carried out by private initiatives. Climate Improvement Districts are counted among the so-called Urban Improvement Districts which are private initiatives of urban development subject to § 171 f of the German Federal Building Code. In defines such areas as inner cities, district centers as well as residential areas and business centres where development measures should be carried out on private responsibility. Originating from the principles of Business Improvement Districts and Housing Improvement Districts, climate protection should be citizen-orientated and financed by private capital. This paper aims at explaining the new instrument and investigates its current practical application. Therefore, Business Improvement Districts and Housing Improvement Districts will mainly be examined with regard to their legal foundations and implementations. Moreover, this paper will deal with the question if and how these initial points can be applied on a Climate Improvement District. In addition, configuration possibilities and different actions for energy saving and for traffic as well as measures for certain forms of quarters will be suggested. The constitution of a Climate Improvement District is theoretically possible. Nevertheless, there has to be an alteration of the Federal State Law first. There are many points of references for the constitution of a Climate Improvement District by creating a distinction from already possible provisions based on the Federal Building Code and the German Energy Specialty Law. Social, ecological and economic measures will be carried through with the commitment and expertise of the citizens of a district. Climate Improvement Districts will prove to be a sustainable method for climate protection

O cotidiano da instituição de educação infantil: Cadê o sujeito que estava aqui?

Trabalho de Conclusão do Curso de Especialização em Educação Infantil - 1ª Edição – Polo Joinville - SC, para a obtenção do Grau de Especialista em Educação InfantilEste artigo reflete sobre a possibilidade das crianças pequenas tornarem-se protagonistas no cotidiano da Educação Infantil. É uma síntese das reflexões construídas a partir do projeto de intervenção pedagógica realizado em um Centro de Educação Infantil da Rede Municipal de Joinville, durante o curso de Especialização em Educação Infantil da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, com crianças de 3 e 4 anos. Articula com algumas discussões de teóricos que tem se dedicado ao estudo da brincadeira, da organização dos espaços e tempos e da participação das crianças no que diz respeito à sua própria história nas instituições. Outro aspecto relevante no artigo é a reflexão sobre conceitos de infância, criança e educação e o quanto essas concepções interferem na prática do professor

Hydrothermal formation of heavy rare earth element (HREE)– xenotime deposits at 100 °C in a sedimentary basin

Most rare earth element deposits form from magmatic fluids, but there have also been discoveries of heavy rare earth element (HREE)– enriched hydrothermal xenotime deposits within sedimentary basins. As xenotime is notoriously insoluble, the question arises as to whether these lesser-known deposits form at typical basin temperatures or by influx of much hotter magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The Browns Range District in northern Western Australia hosts deposits of xenotime that are enriched in HREEs and also uranium. The ore bodies consist of fault-controlled hydrothermal quartz-xenotime breccias that crosscut Archean basement rocks and overlying Paleoproterozoic sandstones. Analyses of fluid inclusions show that the xenotime precipitated at remarkably low temperatures, between 100 and 120 °C, in response to decompression boiling. The inclusions contain high excess concentrations of yttrium (10−3 mol/kg), REEs (1–7 × 10−5 mol/kg), and uranium (4 × 10−5 mol/kg) in equilibrium with xenotime at these low temperatures, showing that availability of phosphate limited the amount of xenotime precipitated. The analyses further identify SO4 2– and Cl– as the ligands that facilitated the elevated REE and uranium solubilities. These findings establish that significant REE transport and deposition is feasible at basin temperatures, and hence they raise the potential of unconformity settings for REE exploration. Moreover, the aqueous metal contents support a genetic link between this type of ore fluid and world-class Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium deposits elsewhere

New insights into the petrogenesis of the Jameson Range layered intrusion and associated Fe-Ti-P-V-PGE-Au mineralisation, West Musgrave Province, Western Australia

The Mesoproterozoic Jameson Range intrusion forms part of the Giles Complex, Musgrave Province, Western Australia. It is predominantly mafic in composition comprising olivine-bearing gabbroic lithologies with variable amounts of magnetite and ilmenite. Lithologies containing more than 50 vol% magnetite and ilmenite are classified as magnetitites. The Jameson Range hosts several of these magnetitites forming laterally extensive layers, which can be traced for at least 19 km as continuous magnetic anomalies. Similar occurrences of magnetitites are known from the upper parts of other layered intrusions, such as the Bushveld Complex. In addition, the intrusion hosts several P-rich zones, one of which is at least 59 m in thickness containing 1.0 wt% P2O5. The P-rich zones are not directly associated with the magnetitites, but they mostly occur slightly above them. The mineral chemistry of the Jameson Range cumulates is relatively evolved with olivine compositions ranging from Fo44 to Fo60 and plagioclase compositions varying between An56 and An59. The Mg# (100 × Mg / (Mg + Fe)) of ortho- and clinopyroxene ranges from 60 to 61 and from 70 to 75, respectively. Magnetite compositions are characterised by low TiO2 concentrations varying from 0.39 to 3.04 wt% representing near end-member magnetite with up to 1.2 wt% Cr and 1.3 wt% V, respectively. The basal magnetite layer reaches up to 68.8 wt% Fe2O3(t) and 24.2 wt% TiO2, and it is also markedly enriched in Cu (up to 0.3 wt% Cu), V (up to 1.05 wt% V2O5) and platinum-group elements (PGE) (up to 2 ppm Pt + Pd). Sulphide minerals comprising bornite, chalcopyrite and minor pentlandite occur finely disseminated in the magnetitite and account for the elevated base metal and PGE concentrations. Modelling indicates that the PGE mineralisation was formed at very high R factors of up to 100,000, which is typical for PGE reefs in layered intrusions. Whole rock geochemical and mineralogical data of the magnetite layers and their host rocks further allow for a refinement of current formation models of layered igneous sequences. Several lines of evidence suggest that the magnetite layers formed in response to primarily density-controlled mineral sorting within crystal slurries, although the grain size also affects the sorting process

Aufwertung der lokalen Standortbedingungen: Quartiers-Impulse - ein Forschungsfeld des Experimentellen Wohnungs- und Städtebaus (ExWoSt)

Im Rahmen des ExWoSt-Forschungsfelds 'Quartiers-Impulse' wurden über einen zweijährigen Untersuchungszeitraum (2006-2008) stadtteilbezogene Ansätze der Wirtschaftsförderung erprobt und umgesetzt, um ihre Eignung als neue Bestandteile der Stadtentwicklungspolitik zu prüfen. Die Akteure ausgewählter Modellvorhaben wurden bei der Umsetzung von Fördermaßnahmen und bei der Verwirklichung der Förderziele durch ein externes Coaching-Team, die STATTwerke Consult GmbH, beraten und betreut. Das RWI führte die begleitende wissenschaftliche Analyse durch. Die Maßnahmen der Modellvorhaben haben Elemente einer regionalen Förderpolitik aufgegriffen, die das Ziel, räumliche Disparitäten abzubauen mit dem Konzept verbindet, sich auf die 'Stärkung vorhandener Stärken' der Wirtschaftsregionen zu konzentrieren. Der Analyse zu Folge sollten Maßnahmen zur Aufwertung des lokalen Standortumfelds in Stadtgebieten, die eine Ballung von Kleinbetrieben aufweisen, momentan aber durch Standortdefizite gekennzeichnet sind, vor allem darauf abzielen lokale Kooperationen, lokales Engagement und einen lokalen Informationsaustausch anzuregen. Zielgruppe sind zum einen Kleinbetriebe, vor allem aus Einzelhandel, Gastronomie und anderen haushaltsorientierten Dienstleistungen. Zum anderen sind es mittlere und große Unternehmen, die aus wohl verstandenem Eigeninteresse oftmals dazu bereit sind, lokale Fördermaßnahmen personell und finanziell zu unterstützen, wenn diese nach einer Anlaufphase erste Fortschritte erkennen lassen

Adjuvant low-dose interferon α2a with or without dacarbazine compared with surgery alone: a prospective-randomized phase III DeCOG trial in melanoma patients with regional lymph node metastasis

Background: More than half of patients with melanoma that has spread to regional lymph nodes develop recurrent disease within the first 3 years after surgery. The aim of the study was to improve disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with interferon (IFN) α2a with or without dacarbazine (DTIC) compared with observation alone. Patients and methods: A total of 444 patients from 42 centers of the German Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group who had received a complete lymph node dissection for pathologically proven regional node involvement were randomized to receive either 3 MU s.c. of IFNα2a three times a week for 2 years (Arm A) or combined treatment with same doses of IFNα2a plus DTIC 850 mg/m2 every 4-8 weeks for 2 years (Arm B) or to observation alone (Arm C). Treatment was discontinued at first sign of relapse. Results: A total of 441 patients were eligible for intention-to-treat analysis. Kaplan-Meier 4-year OS rate of those who had received IFNα2a was 59%. For those with surgery alone, survival was 42% (A versus C, P = 0.0045). No improvement of survival was found for the combined treatment Arm B with 45% survival rate (B versus C, P = 0.76). Similarly, DFS rates showed significant benefit for Arm A, and not for Arm B. Multivariate Cox model confirmed that Arm A has an impact on OS (P = 0.005) but not Arm B (P = 0.34). Conclusions: 3 MU interferon α2a given s.c. three times a week for 2 years significantly improved OS and DFS in patients with melanoma that had spread to the regional lymph nodes. Interestingly, the addition of DTIC reversed the beneficial effect of adjuvant interferon α2a therap

The price of tumor control

Ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blocking antibody, has been approved for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and induces adverse events (AE) in up to 64% of patients. Treatment algorithms for the management of common ipilimumab-induced AEs have lead to a reduction of morbidity, e.g. due to bowel perforations. However, the spectrum of less common AEs is expanding as ipilimumab is increasingly applied. Stringent recognition and management of AEs will reduce drug-induced morbidity and costs, and thus, positively impact the cost-benefit ratio of the drug. To facilitate timely identification and adequate management data on rare AEs were analyzed at 19 skin cancer centers. Patient files (n = 752) were screened for rare ipilimumab-associated AEs. A total of 120 AEs, some of which were life-threatening or even fatal, were reported and summarized by organ system describing the most instructive cases in detail. Previously unreported AEs like drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), granulomatous inflammation of the central nervous system, and aseptic meningitis, were documented. Obstacles included patientś delay in reporting symptoms and the differentiation of steroid-induced from ipilimumab-induced AEs under steroid treatment. Importantly, response rate was high in this patient population with tumor regression in 30.9% and a tumor control rate of 61.8% in stage IV melanoma patients despite the fact that some patients received only two of four recommended ipilimumab infusions. This suggests that ipilimumab-induced antitumor responses can have an early onset and that severe autoimmune reactions may reflect overtreatment. The wide spectrum of ipilimumab-induced AEs demands doctor and patient awareness to reduce morbidity and treatment costs and true ipilimumab success is dictated by both objective tumor responses and controlling severe side effects