Fault Localization Models in Debugging

Debugging is considered as a rigorous but important feature of software engineering process. Since more than a decade, the software engineering research community is exploring different techniques for removal of faults from programs but it is quite difficult to overcome all the faults of software programs. Thus, it is still remains as a real challenge for software debugging and maintenance community. In this paper, we briefly introduced software anomalies and faults classification and then explained different fault localization models using theory of diagnosis. Furthermore, we compared and contrasted between value based and dependencies based models in accordance with different real misbehaviours and presented some insight information for the debugging process. Moreover, we discussed the results of both models and manifested the shortcomings as well as advantages of these models in terms of debugging and maintenance.Comment: 58-6

Incidence and risk factors of adjacent segment disease following short segment posterior instrumentation in Bahraini patients: a five-year retrospective analysis

Background: Despite advances in spinal surgery, adjacent segment disease (ASD) and adjacent disc degeneration (ADD) remain notable postoperative complications following spinal fusion, mainly due to suspected increased biomechanical stress that leads to adjacent disc degeneration. This research focuses on the Bahraini population, utilizing MRI to compare pre-op and post-op Adjacent disc conditions to identify the incidence and risk factors of ASD and ADD after short segment spinal fusion. Methods: A retrospective cohort study conducted over a five-year period at Salmaniya Medical Complex, the largest tertiary care center in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Reviewing pre-operative and post-operative MRI scans of 41 symptomatic patients who underwent short segment spinal fusion between 2014 and 2019. Patients were selected based on specific pre-operative and post-operative criteria developed by the orthopaedic team and were followed up to October 2023. Statistical analyses were performed using R software. Results: The analysis of 41 patients revealed a significant incidence of adjacent segment changes and the main risk factor that showed significance was advancing age. While other reported risk factors like level of fusion and number of fused segments did not significantly correlate with advancing ADD or ASD. There was no statistically significant association between hypertension, diabetes or multiple comorbidities and worsening conditions for either ASD or ADD post operation. Conclusions: The findings from our study contribute to the understanding of ASD and ADD after lumbar fusion surgeries, particularly in highlighting the significance of age. These insights can aid surgeons in better anticipating the risks associated with specific demographic and clinical profiles. More controlled studies on larger populations will help delineate more concrete risk factors

No Earlier Than 9:45 A.M. A Qualitative Study of Adolescents' Experiences of Later School Start Times in Aotearoa New Zealand

OBJECTIVES: Many teenagers suffer chronic sleep loss, which could potentially be mitigated by later school start times to accommodate the natural shift in their circadian timekeeping system favoring later bedtimes. This study explored experiences of senior students from a school in Aotearoa New Zealand with later school start times. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 students, purposively sampled for equivalent numbers starting later every day (9:45 A.M.), or on just one weekday (10:00 A.M.). Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Four themes were identified that addressed the impact of later starts on sleep struggles, daily functioning, student autonomy, and routines and scheduling. Most perceived later starts as positively influencing their sleep quality, concentration, productivity, and personal well-being. The importance of autonomy over their learning, and impact of different start times on students' schedules was also emphasized. Major disadvantages were lack of free classes and potentially later finish times. CONCLUSIONS: The experiences of later school start times for these adolescents were largely positive across a variety of life domains. Findings support the need for sleep health to be considered within school's health education and policy to address the unmet health concerns of chronic sleep loss in teens.fals

Machine learning based IoT Intrusion Detection System:an MQTT case study (MQTT-IoT-IDS2020 Dataset)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the main research fields in the Cybersecurity domain. This is due to (a) the increased dependency on automated device, and (b) the inadequacy of general-purpose Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) to be deployed for special purpose networks usage. Numerous lightweight protocols are being proposed for IoT devices communication usage. One of the distinguishable IoT machine-to-machine communication protocols is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. However, as per the authors best knowledge, there are no available IDS datasets that include MQTT benign or attack instances and thus, no IDS experimental results available. In this paper, the effectiveness of six Machine Learning (ML) techniques to detect MQTT-based attacks is evaluated. Three abstraction levels of features are assessed, namely, packet-based, unidirectional flow, and bidirectional flow features. An MQTT simulated dataset is generated and used for the training and evaluation processes. The dataset is released with an open access licence to help the research community further analyse the accompanied challenges. The experimental results demonstrated the adequacy of the proposed ML models to suit MQTT-based networks IDS requirements. Moreover, the results emphasise on the importance of using flow-based features to discriminate MQTT-based attacks from benign traffic, while packet-based features are sufficient for traditional networking attacks

Personality profiles of cultures: aggregate personality traits

Personality profiles of cultures can be operationalized as the mean trait levels of culture members. College students from 51 cultures rated an individual from their country whom they knew well (N = 12, 156). Aggregate scores on Revised NEO Personality Inventory scales generalized across age and gender groups, approximated the individual-level Five-Factor Model, and correlated with aggregate self-report personality scores and other culture-level variables. Results were not attributable to national differences in economic development or to acquiescence. Geographical differences in scale variances and mean levels were replicated, with Europeans and Americans generally scoring higher in Extraversion than Asians and Africans. Findings support the rough scalar equivalence of NEO-PI-R factors and facets across cultures, and suggest that aggregate personality profiles provide insight into cultural differences

Three-dimensional verification of volumetric measurements and relationships between the condyle and the rest of the mandible; a novel approach

Background: Few studies have investigated the volumetric relationship between the condyles and the mandible bilaterally.Materials and methods: Condylar and mandibular segmentations from a sample of cone-beam computed tomography for 37 individuals were selected. T-test, correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between the volumes of the condyles and mandible.Results: The volume of the condyles and the mandible was significantly different between genders (p < 0.05). There was a significant but moderate correlation between the volumes of the condyle and the rest of the mandible on the same side (p < 0.01). A regression analysis model demonstrated that condylar volume is related to the volume of the mandible.Conclusions: The relationship between the condylar volume and the rest of the mandible was found to be moderate. The relation between the condylar volume and mandibular volume is described by the regression equations for each side of the jaw. Sexual dimorphism exists in condylar and mandibular volumes

An Overview of Sickle Cell Disease Vaso Occlusive Crisis and Approaches to Management

Early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of a vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) are critical to the management of patients with sickle cell disease. Literature search conducted through electronic databases, such as PUBMED, EMBASE. We aimed to discuss the proper management of VOC, after emphasizing the mechanism and complications of VOC in SCD. Vaso- occlusive crisis in people with SCD is a multifactorial process identified by inflammation, attachment, and multicellular aggregation of sickled RBCs, endothelial cells, platelets, and also other blood cells, resulting in vaso-occlusion and acute extreme pain

Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Despite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. METHODS: Using established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. FINDINGS: Using established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. INTERPRETATION: Both overweight and obesity increased substantially in every world region between 1990 and 2021, suggesting that current approaches to curbing increases in overweight and obesity have failed a generation of children and adolescents. Beyond 2021, overweight during childhood and adolescence is forecast to stabilise due to further increases in the population who have obesity. Increases in obesity are expected to continue for all populations in all world regions. Because substantial change is forecasted to occur between 2022 and 2030, immediate actions are needed to address this public health crisis