Decomposition of Changes in Poverty Measures: Sectoral and Institutional Considerations for the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper of Pakistan

Two extremely significant empirical questions on the relationship between growth, distribution and poverty have remained the focus of attention for researchers and academicians. First, how does a change in aggregate poverty reflect intrasectoral gains/losses versus intersectoral shifts in population? Second, how much of an observed change in poverty can be attributed to the changes in the distribution of income, as distinct from growth in average incomes? Standard inequality measures like the Gini coefficient can be misleading in this context. At any rate, the change in an inequality measure can be a poor guide to its quantitative impact on poverty. Ravallion and Huppi (1991) proposed decomposition formulae to throw light on the contributions of sectoral gains and population shifts (on the one hand) and economic growth and changes in inequality (on the other) to aggregate changes in poverty. They found that both population shifts and gains to the urban and rural sectors alleviated aggregate poverty in Indonesia over the 1984–87 period. In addition, they obtained estimates of the relative contributions of growth and greater equity to poverty alleviation in Indonesia. Datt and Ravallion (1992) extended the analysis to study poverty in Brazil and India during the 1980s. Kakwani (1993) explored the relation between economic growth and poverty for Cote d’Ivoire from 1980–85. He developed his own methodology to measure separately the impact of changes in average income and income inequality on poverty. Kakwani (2000) applied the same methodology to analyse changes in poverty in Thailand covering the period from 1988–94. Recently, Contreas (2003) examined the evolution of poverty and inequality in Chile between 1990 and 1996. Using the “Datt-Ravallion decomposition”, he computed that economic growth accounted for over 85 percent of the poverty reduction in Chile.

Masa Jabatan Jaksa Agung dalam Perspektif Fiqh Siyasah

The tenure of attorney general of Indonesia Republic that is not strictly regulated in the prosecutor law has created legal uncertainty. By descriptive analysis, this issue will be studied in fiqh siyasah (islamic political law). In the Indonesian state administration, the attorney general's tenure that is based on the constitutional convention, which was later confirmed by the Constitutional Court decision, is 5 years old. This assertion is intended to eliminate the legal uncertainty over the conditions governing the tenure. The regulations are in line with the general principles and rules of islamic law which are principle mashlah mursalah and tasharruf al-imam 'ala al-ra'iyyah manuthun bi al-maslahah

Rancang Bangun Robot Pemain Musik Gamelan Menggunakan Mikrokontroler ATMega16

.--Robot musik gamelan adalah robot yang dapat memainkan gamelan pada bilah-bilah nada yang diinginkan dengan batas oktaf gamelan berjumlah 2 oktaf 15 nada. Robot musik gamelan mempunyai input berupa tombol perintah keypad 4×4, sensor posisi DC gear motor magnetic rotary encoder dan sensor limit switch sebagai pembatas jalur kereta. Perangkat pengendali menggunakan mikrokontroler Atmega 16. Perangkat penggerak robot gamelan adalah DC gear motor dan motor servo pemukul gamelan. Peran motor DC adalah untuk menggerakkan kereta agar bergeser kearah kiri atau kanan. Posisi putaran motor DC menggunakan sistem kendali tertutup proporsional derivatif (PD). Konstanta pengali PD diperoleh dari try dan error, dengan konstanta proporsional (Kp) = 5 dan konstanta derivatif (Kd) = 15. Nilai Kp dan Kd berfungsi untuk menentukan besarnya lebar pulsa yang berpengaruh terhadap kecepatan DC gear motor disaat DC gear motor memposisikan posisi diinginkan dari set point (SP). Apabila data posisi DC gear motor yang diperoleh/present value (PV) ≠ SP, maka posisi motor dapat menggunakan nilai toleransi error (Er) yaitu Er -3. Nilai toleransi error bertujuan agar nilai PV pada posisi DC gear motor bisa mendekati nilai SP, yang menandakan bahwa posisi pemukul kereta telah berada pada area bilah nada yang ingin dituju. Motor servo sebagai penggerak pemukul gamelan akan memukul bilah nada apabila nilai posisi DC gear motor memenuhi syarat PV = SP atau syarat toleransi error