Studıes on determınatıon the effects of some practıcable classıfıcatıon methods on seed germınatıon of crımean junıper (juniperus excelsa bieb.) before sowıng process

Bu çalışmada, renklerine, büyüklüklerine, sakaroz çözeltisinde ve suda yüzme özelliklerine göre 8 sınıfa (IA: Açık renkli, IB: Koyu renkli, IIA: Büyük, IIB: Küçük, IIIA: Sakaroz çözeltisinde dibe çöken, IIIB: Sakaroz çözeltisinde yüzen, IVA: Suda dibe çöken, IVB: Suda yüzen tohumlar) ayrılan Boylu Ardıç (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) tohumlarının fidanlık koşullarında çimlenme yetenekleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Açık hava koşullarında 45 cm x 35 cm boyutlarındaki ENSO tipi kaplarda gerçekleştirilen ekimler, “Tesadüf Parselleri Deneme Deseni”ne uygun ve 3 yinelemeli olarak yapılmıştır. Tohum sınıflarına ait çimlenme yüzdeleri ve fidecik sayılarına ait veriler “SPSS İstatistik Paket Programı”nda değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre; en yüksek çimlenme yüzdesi (%51.3), koyu renkli tohum sınıfında (IB) elde edilmiştir. Ekonomik ve aynı zamanda uygulamaya dönük olması açısından Boylu Ardıç fidanı üretiminde, tohumların suda yüzdürülerek sınıflandırılabileceği ve buna bağlı olarak da yüzen tohumların dibe çökenlere kıyasla daha fazla çimlenme kabiliyetinde oldukları ortaya çıkmıştır.In this study, the germination and seedling percent of Crimean Juniper (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) seeds which were classified into eight classes according to their colours (IA: light-coloured and IB: darkcoloured seeds), morphological appearance (IIA: large-sized and IIB: small-sized seeds), floating ability in saccharine solution (IIIA: floated and IIIB: sunken seeds) and water (IVA: floated and IVB: sunken seeds) were investigated. The seeds were sown to germinate in open-field conditions with sowing Enso-potray of 45x35 cm in size, and the experimental design was “Completely Randomised Design” with three replications. Germination data on seed classes were analyzed using SSPS statistical software. Analysis of variance and Duncan test showed that the highest germination percent (51.3%) was provided by dark-coloured (IB) seeds. In conclusion, as it is easy to practice and economical method for production of Crimean Juniper Seedlings in forest nurseries, the seeds could be classified by floating process in water. It could be said that the germination ability of the floated seeds in water are much better than those of the sunken seeds

The Nature of Conflict

This research establishes that the emergence, prevalence, recurrence, and severity of intrastate conflicts in the modern era reflect the long shadow of prehistory. Exploiting variations across national populations, it demonstrates that genetic diversity, as determined predominantly during the exodus of humans from Africa tens of thousands of years ago, has contributed significantly to the frequency, incidence, and onset of both overall and ethnic civil conflict over the last half-century, accounting for a large set of geographical and institutional correlates of conflict, as well as measures of economic development. Furthermore, the analysis establishes the significant contribution of genetic diversity to the intensity of social unrest and to the incidence of intragroup factional conflict. These findings arguably reflect the contribution of genetic diversity to the degree of fractionalization and polarization across ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups in the national population; the adverse influence of genetic diversity on interpersonal trust and cooperation; the contribution of genetic diversity to divergence in preferences for public goods and redistributive policies; and the potential impact of genetic diversity on economic inequality within a society

Deafening silence? Marxism, international historical sociology and the spectre of Eurocentrism

Approaching the centenary of its establishment as a formal discipline, International Relations today challenges the ahistorical and aspatial frameworks advanced by the theories of earlier luminaries. Yet, despite a burgeoning body of literature built on the transdisciplinary efforts bridging International Relations and its long-separated nomothetic relatives, the new and emerging conceptual frameworks have not been able to effectively overcome the challenge posed by the ‘non-West’. The recent wave of international historical sociology has highlighted possible trajectories to problematise the myopic and unipolar conceptions of the international system; however, the question of Eurocentrism still lingers in the developing research programmes. This article interjects into the ongoing historical materialist debate in international historical sociology by: (1) conceptually and empirically challenging the rigid boundaries of the extant approaches; and (2) critically assessing the postulations of recent theorising on ‘the international’, capitalist states-system/geopolitics and uneven and combined development. While the significance of the present contributions in international historical sociology should not be understated, it is argued that the ‘Eurocentric cage’ still occupies a dominant ontological position which essentially silences ‘connected histories’ and conceals the role of inter-societal relations in the making of the modern states-system and capitalist geopolitics

Minimizing schedule length on identical parallel machines: an exact algorithm

Ankara : The Department of Industrial Engineering and the Institute of Engineering and Science of Bilkent Univ., 1991.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 1991.Includes bibliographical references.The primary concern of this study is to investigate the combinatorial aspects of the single-stage identical parallel machine scheduling problem and to develop a computationally feasible branch and bound algorithm for its exact solution. Although there is a substantial amount of literature on this problem, most of the work in this area is on the development and performance analysis of approximation algorithms. The few optimizing algorithms proposed in the literature have major drawbacks from the computer implementation point of view. Even though the single-stage scheduling problem is known to be unary A/’P-hard, there is still a need to develop a computationally feasible optimizing algorithm that solves the problem in a reasonable time. Development of such an algorithm is necessary for solving the multi-stage parallel machine scheduling problems which are currently an almost untouched issue in the deterministic scheduling theory. In this study, a branch and bound algorithm for the single-stage identical parallel machine scheduling problem is proposed. Promising results were obtained in the empirical analysis of the performance of this algorithm. Furthermore, the procedure that is developed to determine tight bounds at a node of the enumeration tree, is an approximation algorithm that solves a special class of identical parallel machine scheduling problems of practical interest. This algorithm delivers a solution that is arbitrarily close to 4/3 times the optimum. To our knowledge this is the best result obtained for this problem so far.Akyel, H CemalPh.D

Big data analytics management capability and firm performance: The mediating role of data-driven culture

The effect of big data analytics on firm performance and the effects of intermediary variables on this relationship are not yet clearly understood. Drawing on the dynamic capability view (DCV), this study investigates the mediating effect of a data-driven culture on the relationship between big data analytics management capability and firm performance (i.e., operational and financial performance). Drawing on survey data from 432 big data experts across 132 firms operating in Turkey, our findings indicate that big data analytics management capability and a data-driven culture have significant positive effects on both the operational and financial performance of a firm. In addition, a data-driven culture significantly mediates the links between big data analytics management capability and the measures of both operational and financial performance. Hence, our findings offer a valuable guide for managers utilizing big data or making big data investments to increase firm performance

Comparıson of seed sources of crımean junıper (juniperus excelsa bieb.) ın the lakes dıstrıct ın terms of morphologıcal seedlıng qualıty crıterıa

Bu çalışmada, Göller Yöresi’nden örneklenen beş Boylu Ardıç (Juniperus excelsa Bieb.) orijini, bazı morfolojik fidan kalite kriterleri bakımından karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Barla, Sultandağı, Tota, Burdur, Söğüt orijinlerinden tohum toplanmıştır. Her orijine ait tohumlar, Eğirdir Orman Fidanlığı’nda açık hava koşulları altında özel olarak hazırlanan ekim yastıklarına ekilmiştir. Denemede, üç yinelemeli Tesadüf Parseller Deneme Deseni Kullanılmıştır. Her orijine ait bir yaşlı fidanlarda fidan boyu, kök boğazı çapı, gövde ve kök kuru ağırlıkları ile gövde/kök kuru ağırlık oranı belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla her orijinden her bir yinelemede on fidan ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler, SPSS paket programında değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan varyans analizi ve Duncan testi, orijinlerin, ölçülen fidan karakterleri bakımından birbirinden farklı olduklarını göstermiştir. Buna göre, yeni ve daha kapsamlı çalışmalar sonuçlanana kadar, Eğirdir Orman Fidanlığı’nda yapılan Boylu Ardıç fidanı yetiştirme çalışmalarında kullanılacak tohumların öncelikle Tota ve Barla orijinlerinden toplanması durumunda kalite kriterleri bakımından daha üstün özelliklere sahip fidanların yetiştirilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.Bu sonuç, çalışmanın gerçekleştirildiği Eğirdir Orman Fidanlığı için geçerlidir.In this study, five seed provenances of Crimean Juniper sampled from Lakes District were compared in terms of some seed quality criterions. For this purpose, seeds were collected from Barla, Sultandağı, Tota, Burdur and Söğüt. The seeds from each provenance were sown in Eğirdir Forest Nursery under the open-air environment and the sowing bed was prepared specially. The experiments were carried out according to “Completely Randomized Design” with three replications. Seedling height, root collar diameter and oven-dry stem/root ratios of ten seedlings were measured from each replication after the seedlings were one-year old. Data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software program. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test results showed that the seed provenances were different from each other in terms of measured characteristics. Until the new and extensive study results are obtained, the seeds should be collected from the provenances of Tota and Barla because those seedlings are better than the others. However, these results are valid only Eğirdir Forest Nursery and its environment should not be generalized for the other nurseries

Deserts: Can they be the potential suppliers of bioavailable iron?

GEOPHYSICAL RESERCH LETTERS VOL. 29, NO. 11に収録されている原

The effects of dıfferent sowıng tımes on germınatıon percentage of mountaın junıper (juniperus communis l. subsp. nana syme), small fruıted junıper (juniperus oxycedrus l. subsp. oxycedrus), savın junıper (juniperus sabina l.) seeds

Birçok ardıç türünün çimlenme engelleri; ya yeterince olgunlaşmamış embriyosundan, geçirgen olmayan tohum kabuğundan ya da kozalak eti ve tohum kabuğunda bulunan çimlenmeyi engelleyici maddelerden kaynaklanır. Çoğu ardıç türlerinde olduğu gibi; bodur ardıç, diken ardıç ve sabin ardıçta da canlı olmayan (boş ve sağır) ya da çimlenme özelliği olmayan tohum oranı fazladır. Bir çok ardıç türündeki düşük orandaki çimlenme, yüksek orandaki canlı olmayan veya çimlenme özelliği olmayan tohumlardan kaynaklanır. Canlı olmayan tohumlar; boş, hasarlı veya olgunlaşmamışlardır. Bu çalışmada, tohumları kozalaklardan çıkarma ve boşlardan, hasar görenlerden ve olgunlaşmamışlardan arındırma işlemlerinden sonra, fidanlıkta değişik ekim zamanlarının çimlenme yüzdesine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 30 gün aralıklarla 10 ekim zamanı denenmiştir. Ekim zamanına ilişkin çimlenme verileri “JMP İstatistik Paket Programı’’nda değerlendirilmiştir. Varyans analizi ve LSD testi sonuçlarına göre, tohumlarının en uygun ekim zamanı ve en yüksek çimlenme oranı; bodur ardıçta Temmuz (% 62.5) ve Ağustos (% 61.3) aylarında, diken ardıçta Ağustos (% 73) ayında, sabin ardıçta Temmuz (% 51.8) ve Ağustos (% 50.8) aylarında yapılan ekimlerde elde edilmiştir.Germination is delayed in Junipers because of embriyo dormancy, and also in same cases by an impermable seedcoat, or inhibitors in the cone and seedcoat. There are a lot of non-viable or nongerminating seeds of the species like the other juniper species. Low rates of germination in a number of species are due to a large propartion of non-viable or nongerminating seed. Non-viable seed may be hollow, damaged, or immature. In this study, after the process extraction the seeds from the cones and seperation of the empty, damaged, and immature seeds, the remain full seeds has been sown to find out the effects of different sowing times on germination percent under the nursery conditions. For this reason, ten different sowing times have been applied in thirty days intervals. Germination date on sowing times were analyzed using JMP statistical software. Results of the ANOVA and LSD showed that the most suitable sowing time and greatest germination was July (62.5 %) and August (61.3 %) for mountain juniper, August (73.0 %) for small fruited juniper, July (51.8 %) and August (50.8 %) for savin juniper

Unsustainable harvest of water frogs in southern Turkey for the European market

Frogs have been harvested from the wild for the last 40 years in Turkey. We analysed the population dynamics of Anatolian water frogs (Pelophylax spp.) in the Seyhan and Ceyhan Deltas during 2013–2015. We marked a total of 13,811 individuals during 3 years, estimated population sizes, simulated the dynamics of a harvested population over 50 years, and collated frog harvest and export statistics from the region and for Turkey as a whole. Our capture estimates indicated a population reduction of c. 20% per year, and our population modelling showed that, if overharvesting continues at current rates, the harvested populations will decline rapidly. Simulations with a model of harvested population dynamics resulted in a risk of extinction of > 90% within 50 years, with extinction likely in c. 2032. Our interviews with harvesters revealed their economic dependence on the frog harvest. However, our results also showed that reducing harvest rates would not only ensure the viability of these frog populations but would also provide a source of income that is sustainable in the long term. Our study provides insights into the position of Turkey in the ‘extinction domino’ line, in which harvest pressure shifts among countries as frog populations are depleted and harvest bans are effected. We recommend that harvesting of wild frogs should be banned during the mating season, hunting and exporting of frogs < 30 g should be banned, and harvesters should be trained on species knowledge and awareness of regulations

The Importance of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Advancements in the treatment of CVD have reduced mortality rates, yet the global burden of CVD remains high. Considering that CVD is still largely a preventable disease, prioritizing preventative measures through healthy lifestyle (HL) behaviors is necessary to lessen the burden of CVD. HL behaviors, such as regular exercise, healthy eating habits, adequate sleep, and smoking cessation, can influence a number of traditional CVD risk factors as well as a less commonly measured risk factor, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). It is important to note that cardiac rehabilitation programs, which traditionally have focused on secondary prevention, also emphasize the importance of making comprehensive HL behavior changes. This review discusses preventative measures to reduce the burden of CVD through an increased uptake and assessment of HL behaviors. An overview of the importance of CRF as a risk factor is discussed along with how to improve CRF and other risk factors through HL behavior interventions. The role of the clinician for promoting HL behaviors to prevent CVD is also reviewed