The Role of Information and Financial Reporting in Corporate Governance and Debt Contracting

We review recent literature on the role of financial reporting transparency in reducing governance-related agency conflicts among managers, directors, and shareholders, as well as in reducing agency conflicts between shareholders and creditors, and offer researchers some suggested avenues for future research. Key themes include the endogenous nature of debt contracts and governance mechanisms with respect to information asymmetry between contracting parties, the heterogeneous nature of the informational demands of contracting parties, and the heterogeneous nature of the resulting governance and debt contracts. We also emphasize the role of a commitment to financial reporting transparency in facilitating informal multiperiod contracts among managers, directors, shareholders, and creditors

Genetic Variation in Early Growth Characteristics of Two Populations of Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) and Their Interrelationship

AbstractThis study was performed in order to compare two wild service tree populations (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) for their early growth and to find useful vegetative characteristics to be used in indirect selection of fast and tall growing trees of the species in the field. We used phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients estimated on data from 30 three-year old seedlings of each 40 randomly selected adult trees. Assuming genetic differences between the trees sampled, path analysis was performed on genotypic and phenotypic levels. Results showed that plus trees of one of the sites may be used for clonal seed orchard establishment. But the other site is suggested as a better site for breeding purposes with more effective Sorbus population. Collar diameter had the strongest positive direct effect and strongest correlation with plant height at the phenotypic level. In contrast, lateral branches showed very weak direct effect but relatively strong total indirect effect on plant height. Path analysis on the genotypic correlation coefficients detected negative indirect effect between the characters. Collar diameter could be regarded as a good predictor of plant height because of its strong direct and indirect phenotypic and genotypic correlations. The use of recommended selection criteria is discussed.</jats:p

Cochlear Implantation for Sensorineural Hearing Loss Related to Cochlear Aqueduct Obstruction by a Jugular Foramen Tumor

ABSTRACT Introduction Cochlear implantation (CI) may be used as a viable method for restoring hearing in patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) caused by jugular foramen tumors. Materials and Methods 42‐year‐old female presenting with sudden‐onset SNHL, pulsatile tinnitus, and otalgia, with a PTA of 119 dB and AzBio sentence score of 0% in quiet. Brain MRI identified a 22 mm tumor within the left jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal involving the cochlear aqueduct. Patient underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), with the tumor receiving 15 Gy in a single fraction, followed by a left CI with full electrode insertion without resistance. Main outcome measures included audiometric outcomes pre‐ and post‐CI, including PTA and AzBio sentence scores in quiet, and MRI imaging of the tumor pre‐ and post‐SRS. Results Upon activation of CI, PTA had improved to 42 dB with AzBio sentence score of 50% in quiet within 1 month after activation. One‐year follow‐up revealed PTA of 38 dB and AzBio sentence score of 29% in quiet. Datalogging at 1 month after CI activation revealed 11.4 h per day of CI use at 1 month and 5.5 h per day at 1 year after CI activation. Patient reported that aural rehabilitation exercises were stopped during this time period. Post‐SRS imaging revealed minimal growth of the jugular foramen tumor. Conclusion This report demonstrates that CI for asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss or single‐sided deafness related to cochlear aqueduct obstruction from jugular foramen pathology yields outcomes similar to conventional CI recipients. Imaging surveillance of the tumor remains feasible for tumors treated with SRS. This case report provides valuable insight and offers guidance for surgeons and patients facing a similar clinical scenario. Level of Evidence 4

Joint accounting choices: an examination of firms’ adoption strategies for SFAS No. 106 AND SFAS No. 109

Adoption strategy, Adoption choice, Postretirement benefits, Deferred taxes, M41,