Effects of different salinity on number and area of chloride cells in gill of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of osmoregulation by mitochondria-rich cells in grouper fish with high tolerance of salinity variation levels. For this purpose, groupers were transferred from salt water with an average salinity of 40 ppt to the waters with 10 ppt, 20 ppt and 60 ppt rates of salinity. Changes in the number and area of chloride cells in the different treatments were observed during two months adjustment period. Experiment was carried out by sampling three fish from each tank within 8 phases at the moment of the transition, 12 hours, day 1, day 3, day 7, day 14, day 30 and day 60. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical observations were done after fixing in Bouin's solution for 24 hours. Samples were dehydrated with increasing series of ethanol, followed by paraffin, and cleared by xylene. Paraffin blocks were cut at 5 microns and stained by hematoxylin – eosin. Changes in the number and area of chloride cells in 5% level were very different at high and brackish salinity. So in the early hours of the transfer, number and area of chloride cells were low in the brackish water than to that in high salinity. From second week towards the end of period, number of chloride cells in 60 ppt was more than that in control treatment from seventh days towards the end of period, the area of chloride cells was more than that in control group. The high ability and adaptability of this species in response to different environmental salinities might be associated with changes in gill histological evaluation and model osmoregulation mechanisms at different salinities

The Effect of Low Flow Inhalation Anesthesia on Operative Hemodynamic Condition in Comparison with High Flow Anesthesia

Introduction & Objective: Low flow anesthesia technique in which the flow fresh gas is lower than minute volume of the patient results in improvement in the patient’s care such as reduction of operative hypothermia, reduction of postoperative shivering and leads to an increase in economical and enviornmental interests. The goal of the study was to investigate the patients’ operative hemodynamic variations using the high and low flow anesthesia techniques. Materials & Methods: This prospective, clincal and single blind study was carried out in Tbriz Emam Khomeini Hospital in 1384. In this study 97 patients in ASA class I or II after routine induction of G.A, during maintenance of anesthesia were randomly divided in two groups group I (high flow anesthesia) and group II (low flow anesthesia). For all patients ECG, HR, SPO2, BP, B.T, ETCO2 and inspiratory, expiratory percentage of O2, N2O, halothane, postoprative shievring and duration of oprations were recorded. 46 patients underwent high flow anesthesia and 51 patients underwent low flow anesthesia. Results: The average blood pressure in group I was as follow: preoperative, systol=13820 mmHg and diastol=7815 mmHg, intraoperative, systol=10531 mmHg and diastol=6410 mmHg and in recovery systol=11615 mmHg and diastol=7013 mmHg. In group II who had low flow anesthesia the blood pressure was found to be systol=13922 mmHg and diastol=7922 mmHg preoperative, systol=12221 mmHg and diastol=7517 mmHg intraoperative and systol=11815 mmHg and diastol=7717 mmHg in recovery. The differences in blood pressure in both group were statiscally significant (p=0.01). The average heart rate in group I was 9018 beat/min preoperative, 7014 intraoperative and 126 in recovery. The avrage heart rate in group II was 87.921 preoperative, 8616 intraoperative and 10417 in recovery. The differences were statiscally significant but there was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to sex, age and weight. Conclusion: Maintenance of anesthesia with low flow anesthesia gasses maintains more hemodynamic condition during operation

Effects of different salinity on number and area of chloride cells in gill of juvenile grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of osmoregulation by mitochondria-rich cells in grouper fish with high tolerance of salinity variation levels. For this purpose, groupers were transferred from salt water with an average salinity of 40 ppt to the waters with 10 ppt, 20 ppt and 60 ppt rates of salinity. Changes in the number and area of chloride cells in the different treatments were observed during two months adjustment period. Experiment was carried out by sampling three fish from each tank within 8 phases at the moment of the transition, 12 hours, day 1, day 3, day 7, day 14, day 30 and day 60. Histomorphological and immunohistochemical observations were done after fixing in Bouin's solution for 24 hours. Samples were dehydrated with increasing series of ethanol, followed by paraffin, and cleared by xylene. Paraffin blocks were cut at 5 microns and stained by hematoxylin – eosin. Changes in the number and area of chloride cells in 5% level were very different at high and brackish salinity. So in the early hours of the transfer, number and area of chloride cells were low in the brackish water than to that in high salinity. From second week towards the end of period, number of chloride cells in 60 ppt was more than that in control treatment from seventh days towards the end of period, the area of chloride cells was more than that in control group. The high ability and adaptability of this species in response to different environmental salinities might be associated with changes in gill histological evaluation and model osmoregulation mechanisms at different salinities.Publishe

Nonlinear Refractive (NLR) Index of TiO2 NPs in E5CN7 Nematic Liquid Crystal under CW Laser Illumination

AbstractNematic liquid crystals (NLCs) have proved to be excellent materials for nonlinear optics (NLO) and its applications because of their large nonresonant nonlinearity and their extended spectral transparency. The aim of this paper was to investigate nonlinear refraction index of eutectic mixture of heptylcyanobiphenyl 7CB and pentylcyanobiphenyl 5CB NLCs doped with TiO2 NPs (were synthesized by sol-gel method).The eutectic melt temperature of 273.45K and eutectic composition of 0.45 7CB were observed for the binary system 5CB, 7CB mixture in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The third-order nonlinear optical properties of prepared sample, which tested by close aperture Z-scan method with CW He:Ne laser beam at 632.8nm, are reported. Results suggest that TiO2 NPs in 5CB/7CB mixture is a promising material for third order nonlinear applications