Generalized second law of thermodynamics for FRW cosmology with logarithmic correction

In the previous analyses in the literature about the generalized second law (GSL) in an accelerated expanding universe the usual area relation for the entropy, i.e. $S={A\over 4G}$, was used for the cosmological horizon entropy. But this entropy relation may be modified due to thermal and quantum fluctuations or corrections motivated by loop quantum gravity giving rise to S={A\over 4}+\pi\alpha \ln({A\over 4})+\gamma, where $\alpha$ and $\gamma$ are some constants whose the values are still in debate in the literature. Our aim is to study the constraints that GSL puts on these parameters. Besides, we investigate the conditions that the presence of such modified terms in the entropy puts on other physical parameters the system such as the temperature of dark energy via requiring the validity of GSL. In our study we consider a spatially flat Friedman-Robertson-Walker and assume that the universe is composed of several interacting components (including dark energy). The model is investigated in the context of thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium situations. We show that in a (super) accelerated universe GSL is valid whenever $\alpha (0$ leading to a (negative) positive contribution from logarithmic correction to the entropy. In the case of super acceleration the temperature of the dark energy is obtained to be less or equal to the Hawking temperature.Comment: 14 pages, accepted for publication in Europhysics Letter

Attractor Solutions in f(T) Cosmology

In this paper, we explore the cosmological implications of interacting dark energy model in a torsion based gravity namely $f(T)$. Assuming dark energy interacts with dark matter and radiation components, we examine the stability of this model by choosing different forms of interaction terms. We consider three different forms of dark energy: cosmological constant, quintessence and phantom energy. We then obtain several attractor solutions for each dark energy model interacting with other components. This model successfully explains the coincidence problem via the interacting dark energy scenario.Comment: 10 pages, 23 figures, version accepted for publication in European Physical Journal C (2012

Effect of Piper betle and Brucea javanica on the Differential Expression of Hyphal Wall Protein (HWP1) in Non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) Species

The study aimed to identify the HWP1 gene in non-Candida albicans Candida species and the differential expression of HWP1 following treatment with Piper betle and Brucea javanica aqueous extracts. All candidal suspensions were standardized to 1 x 10(6) cells/mL. The suspension was incubated overnight at 37 degrees C (C. parapsilosis, 35 degrees C). Candidal cells were treated with each respective extract at 1, 3, and 6 mg/mL for 24 h. The total RNA was extracted and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was carried out with a specific primer of HWP1. HWP1 mRNAs were only detected in C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Exposing the cells to the aqueous extracts has affected the expression of HWP1 transcripts. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis have demonstrated different intensity of mRNA. Compared to P. betle, B. javanica demonstrated a higher suppression on the transcript levels of HWP1 in all samples. HWP1 was not detected in C. albicans following the treatment of B. javanica at 1 mg/mL. In contrast, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis were shown to have HWP1 regulation. However, the expression levels were reduced upon the addition of higher concentration of B. javanica extract. P. betle and B. javanica have potential to be developed as oral health product.Article Link : http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/397268

Matrix Representation of Octonions and Generalizations

We define a special matrix multiplication among a special subset of 2N\x 2N matrices, and study the resulting (non-associative) algebras and their subalgebras. We derive the conditions under which these algebras become alternative non-associative and when they become associative. In particular, these algebras yield special matrix representations of octonions and complex numbers; they naturally lead to the Cayley-Dickson doubling process. Our matrix representation of octonions also yields elegant insights into Dirac's equation for a free particle. A few other results and remarks arise as byproducts.Comment: 18 printed page

Contraction of broken symmetries via Kac-Moody formalism

I investigate contractions via Kac-Moody formalism. In particular, I show how the symmetry algebra of the standard 2-D Kepler system, which was identified by Daboul and Slodowy as an infinite-dimensional Kac-Moody loop algebra, and was denoted by ${\mathbb H}_2$, gets reduced by the symmetry breaking term, defined by the Hamiltonian $$H(\beta)= \frac 1 {2m} (p_1^2+p_2^2)- \frac \alpha r - \beta r^{-1/2} \cos ((\phi-\gamma)/2).$$ For this $H (\beta)$ I define two symmetry loop algebras ${\mathfrak L}_{i}(\beta), i=1,2$, by choosing the `basic generators' differently. These ${\mathfrak L}_{i}(\beta)$ can be mapped isomorphically onto subalgebras of ${\mathbb H}_2$, of codimension 2 or 3, revealing the reduction of symmetry. Both factor algebras ${\mathfrak L}_i(\beta)/I_i(E,\beta)$, relative to the corresponding energy-dependent ideals $I_i(E,\beta)$, are isomorphic to ${\mathfrak so}(3)$ and ${\mathfrak so}(2,1)$ for $E0$, respectively, just as for the pure Kepler case. However, they yield two different non-standard contractions as $E \to 0$, namely to the Heisenberg-Weyl algebra ${\mathfrak h}_3={\mathfrak w}_1$ or to an abelian Lie algebra, instead of the Euclidean algebra ${\mathfrak e}(2)$ for the pure Kepler case. The above example suggests a general procedure for defining generalized contractions, and also illustrates the {\em `deformation contraction hysteresis'}, where contraction which involve two contraction parameters can yield different contracted algebras, if the limits are carried out in different order.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur

pengembangan Metode Bermain Puzzle Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Kata Pada Kelompok B Di Raodatul Athfal (RA) Farida Aryani Makassar.

ABSTRAK Rumusan masalah dalam pengembangan pembelajaran ini adalah bagaimana mengembangkan kegiatan bermain puzzle untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca kata anak Kelompok B di RA Farida Aryani Makassar. Tujuan pengembangan pembelajaran untuk memperoleh gambaran dalam pengembangan metode bermain puzzle untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca kata pada kelompok B di RA Farida Aryani. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam pengembangan ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan jenis penyelesaian adalah Skripsi Pengembangan Pembelajaran. Fokus pengembangan ini adalah pengembangan metode bermain puzzle untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca kata. Prosedur pengembangan meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, observasi, dan refleksi. Subjek dalam pengembangan ini adalah kelompok B Raodatul Athfal (RA) Farida Aryani Makassar yaitu 1 orang guru dan anak didik yang berjumlah 10 orang, yang terdiri atas 5 anak laki – laki dan 5 anak perempuan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil pengembangan pembelajaran menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan metode bermain puzzle maka dapat meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pada kelompok B di Raodatul Athfal (RA) Farida Aryani Makassar. Hal ini dapat dilihat pada pertemuan I terdapat 4 anak didik atau 40% yang mampu menyebutkan huruf abjad tanpa bantuan guru. Pertemuan II terdapat 4 anak didik atau 40% yang mampu menyebutkan huruf abjad. Pertemuan III terdapat 6 anak atau 60% yang mampu menyebutkan huruf awal dari nama benda / gambar yang ada. Pertemuan IV terdapat 7 anak atau 70% yang mampu menyebutkan suku kata awal dan akhir. Pertemuaan V terdapat 8 anak atau 80% yang mampu menghubungkan kata sesuai dengan gambar yang ada

Notes on dark energy interacting with dark matter and unparticle in loop quantum cosmology

We investigate the behavior of dark energy interacting with dark matter and unparticle in the framework of loop quantum cosmology. In four toy models, we study the interaction between the cosmic components by choosing different coupling functions representing the interaction. We found that there are only two attractor solutions namely dark energy dominated and dark matter dominated Universe. The other two models are unstable, as they predict either a dark energy filled Universe or one completely devoid of it.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figures. v2: Minor revisions, matches published versio

Kebijakan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat Terhadap Counter Terrorism Pada Masa Kepemimpinan Obama

In November 2009, Barack Obama inaugurated as the 44th US President switching the George W. Bush leadership in US. In his leadership, Obama declared to continue the GWOT (Global War on Terror) Bush strategy to counter the terrorism. The big differences between Obama GWOT and Bush is the on his order to closed the Guantanamo jail and to drag all US troops from Iraq. Many criticized the tariffs as a protectionist move by the China, because in recent years, the United States placed tariffs on one China infant industry with same reason. The focus of this research is to analyze the real motif China placed tariff on broiler chicken product from U.S. Are this have any reason connected to U.S placed tarif on China infant industry. This research uses Llyod Jensen - the Decision Making Theory related to individual level analysis which concern to leadership behavior as an effective element in decision making process and determining foreign policy. This research is Qualitative research which is used by library observation. The result of this research prove that there's several factor that determining Obama decision making process on counter-terrorism. In Obama GWOT focus the invasion on Pakistan and Afghanistan switching the war on Iraq and Afghanistan. Bush so much influenced by the used of military forced against Al-Qaeda, while Obama bringing a concept of Smart Power using by the blend of hard and soft power

Efektivitas Retting Embun Batang Kenaf oleh Jamur Pelapuk Putih Trametes Versicolor (L.) Lloyd

Retting embun kenaf menggunakan jamur pada kondisi aerob menjadi alternatif yang murah, mudah, dan lebih ramah lingkungan untuk menggantikan retting basah yang membutuhkan banyak air. Pada beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa spesies jamur pelapuk putih dan Rhizopus sp dapat digunakan untuk membantu proses retting pada tanaman serat batang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur efektivitas retting embun batang kenaf oleh jamur pelapuk putih Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd melalui perbandingan efektivitas retting embun oleh Rhizopus spp. dan retting basah, serta pengukuran karakter serat yang dihasilkan. Retting embun dilakukan dengan menginokulasikan biakan jamur pada 500 g batang kenaf berukuran panjang 25 cm yang telah dibasahi dan diinkubasikan selama 4 minggu. Parameter yang diamati meliputi rendemen serat, efektivitas retting, warna, kehalusan, kebersihan, dan kadar selulosa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diantara perlakuan retting embun, jamur pelapuk putih menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi(4,77%), efektivitas tertinggi (77,68%), kehalusan serat sedang, dan serat terbersih. Konsorsium jamur T. versicolor dan inokulum jamur tempe hijau kehitaman menghasilkan serat dengan kadar selulosa tertinggi yaitu sebesar 57,97% dengan warna serat paling cerah. Seluruh serat yang dihasilkan mempunyai tingkat dan kisaran warna kekuningan dan kemerahan yang bervariasi. Perlakuan retting embun kenaf dengan inokulasi T. versicolor tanpa konsorsium merupakan perlakuan dengan efektivitas retting terbaik dengan kualitas serat mendekati hasil retting basah. Effectivity of Dew Retting of Kenaf Stem by White Rot Fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd Aerobic dew retting of kenaf using fungal becomes a cheap alternative, easy and has a less environmental impact to replace water retting method. In several studies that have been carried out, it has been shown that white rot fungus species can be used to assist the retting process of bast fiber plants. This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of dew retting of kenaf stem by white rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd by comparing it with the effectiveness of dew retting by Rhizopus spp. and wet retting, as well as measuring thecharacter of the fiber produced. Dew retting was conducted by inoculating fungi cultures on moistened 500 g of 25 cm length kenaf stems and incubating them for 4 weeks. Fiber yield, retting effectivity, color, smoothness, cleanliness, and cellulose content were observed. The result shows that white rot fungus T.versicolor produced the highest fiber yield (4.77%), the highest efficiency (77.68%), medium fiber smoothness, and the cleanest fiber among dew retting treatments. Consortium of T. versicolor and blackish green tempeh inoculum produced fiber with the highest cellulose content (57.97%) and the brightest fiber color. All fiber produced has a yellowish and reddish color with varying levels and ranges. Kenaf dew retting treatment with T. versicolor inoculation without a consortium was the most effective dew retting treatment with fibers quality verge to the water retting yield