On the number of outer connected dominating sets of graphs

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph. A set $S\subseteq V(G)$ is called an outer-connected dominating set (or ocd-set) of $G$, if $S$ is a dominating set of $G$ and either $S=V(G)$ or $V\backslash S$ is a connected graph. In this paper we introduce a polynomial which its coefficients are the number of ocd-sets of $G$. We obtain some properties of this polynomial and its coefficients. Also we compute this polynomial for some specific graphs.Comment: 1 pag

Problematika Sosial Ibu Rumah Tangga Besuami Perantau

Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah problematika sosial ibu rumah tangga besuami perantau studi tentang strategi pemenuhan nafkah dan pola asuh anak pada ibu rumah tangga bersuami perantau di kelurahan lakudo kecamatan lakudo kabupaten buton tengah, dan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Untuk mengetahui strategi nafkah ibu rumah tangga bersuami perantau di Kelurahan Lakudo Kecamatan Lakudo Kabupaten Buton Tengah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Lakudo, Kecamatan Lakudo Kabupaten Buton Tengah dengan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data melalui penelitian lapangan yaitu observasi dan wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang berjumlah 15 orang yang dipilih secara sengaja (purposive sampling ) yang selanjutnya dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi nafkah ibu rumah tangga bersuami perantau di Kelurahan Lakudo Kecamatan Lakudo Kabupaten Buton Tengah yaitu dari segi ekonomi dengan melakukan pekerjaan apa saja yang mereka bisa lakukan tanpa merasa malu terhadap masyarakat disekitar lingkungannya dan mengasuh anaknya degan menerapkan atau mencarai strategi baik dengan cara yang lembut, tegas dan keras untuk mendidik dan merawat anak dengan seorang diri merupakan langkah yang diterapkan ibu rumah tangga dari suami perantau tersebut dengan berperan juga sebagai kepala keluarga dengan cara melakukan seperti yang biasa dilakukan oleh suami mereka baik dilingkungan masyrakat maupun dalam rumah tangganya

Dampak Pemilihan Kepala Daerah terhadap Hubungan Kekerabatan (Studi di Kecamatan Kabaena Timur Kabupaten Bombana)

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahuai dampak pemilihan kepala daerah (Pilkada) terhadap hubungan kekerabatan dan apakah bentuk-bentuk konflik di masyarakat karena adanya pemiliha kepala daerah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Kabaena Timur Kabupaten Bombana yang berlansung pada bulan Agustus sampai September 2017. Penentuan informan dilakukan secara porpusive sumpling yaitu penentuan informan secara sengaja. Data diperoleh melalui interview (wawancara) dan dokumentasi serta dianalisis secara deskriktif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dampak yang terjadi di masyarakat akibat pemilihan kepala daerah yaitu dampak positif adalah bertambahnya solidaritas internal dalam kelompok masyarkat dan menjadikan prilaku pasif menjadi aktif dan produktif dan dampak negatif terjadinya pemaksaan di lingkungan keluarga yang dilakakukan kepala keluarga kepada anggota keluarga, kemudian terjadinya konflik keluarga akibat perbedaan pilihan dan terjadinya kerenggan dalam keluarga. Bentuk-bentuk konflik yang terjadi ialah konflik vertikal dimana pimpinan memaksa kepada bawahan untuk mengiku pilihan yang di dukungnya, kemudian konfik horizontal yaitu konflik antar keluarga dengan keluarga yang diakibatkan adanya politik uang yang diberikan kepada kerabatnya namun justru memilih pasangan calon lain

Cobalt oxide-modified titanium dioxide nanoparticle photocatalyst for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been recognized as a possibly carcinogenic compound to human, therefore, 2,4-D should be treated before it is discharged to the environment. Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D has been proposed as one of the best methods that offer environmentally safe process. In the present research, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was modified with cobalt oxide (CoO) and tested for photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-D under UV light irradiation. Different amounts of CoO (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 mol%) were added onto TiO2 by an impregnation method. The photocatalytic reaction was monitored and analyzed by measurement of 2,4-D absorbance using UV spectrophotometer. After 1 h photocatalytic reaction, it was confirmed that the sample with low loading of 0.1 mol% gave the highest photocatalytic activity among the bare and modified TiO2 photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity was decreased with the increase of CoO loading, suggesting that the optimum amount of CoO was an important factor to improve the performance of TiO2. Based on fluorescence spectroscopy, such addition of CoO resulted in the reduced emission intensity, which showed the successful decrease in the electron-hole recombination

The Effect of Mobile Banking on the Performance of Commercial Banks in Nigeria

Today, commercial banks are confronted with challenges that range from debt crises to the tight competition in the market. Customers\u27 impatience has increased considerably as they are more knowledgeable than before. Thus, the introduction of mobile services in the banking industry has added to the challenges facing commercial banks as they have to embrace the new technology or lose business. Mobile banking in Nigeria has completely transformed the banking industry and any commercial bank operating in Nigeria can only ignore that fact at its own risk. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the mobile banking effects on Commercial Banks financial performance in Nigeria. Simple random techniques were employed in this study in selecting 22 commercial banks. To facilitate the obtaining of relevant data that was used for analysis in this study, a structured questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics involving simple graphical charts was applied in the presentation and analysis of data. The study, therefore, concludes that mobile banking positively and significantly affects the financial performance of commercial banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that commercial banks should keep adopting and using mobile banking in their operations because the number of people with access to a mobile handset is increasing every day

The Impact of Microfinance Institution on Development of Small and Medium Enterprises: a Case Study of Lagos State

The major target of this study is to evaluate the effect of Microfinance Institution (MFIs) on the development of SMEs (Small and medium enterprises) in Lagos state Nigeria. Simple random techniques of sampling were employed in this study in selecting 70 SMEs which constituted the size of the sample of the research. To facilitate the obtaining of relevant data that was used for analysis in this study, a structured questionnaire was designed. Descriptive statistics involving simple graphical charts and tables were strategically applied in presentation and analysis of data. The outcome of the findings indicates that a large number of SMEs are benefiting from the loans granted by the MFIs, despite the fact that few of them have sufficient ability to secure the needed amount. Interestingly, most of the SMEs admit positive MFIs loans contribution towards advancing their market share, the economic competitive advantage of the company and achieving market excellence through product innovation

Fabrication of carbon thin films by pulsed laser deposition in different ambient environments

In this work, carbon thin films are grown in different background environments (Air, Helium and Argon) at different pressures (60, 160, 500 and 1000 mbar) by ablating the graphite target with Nd:YAG laser of wavelength of 1064 nm, pulse energy of 740 mJ and pulse rate of 6 ns. 10,000 laser shots are used to ablate graphite target under different ambient conditions. Grown thin films are analyzed by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to measure thickness, roughness average, maximum profile peak height, average maximum height of profile and spacing ratio of the surface. The obtained results show that the roughness average, thickness of film, maximum profile peak height, average maximum height of profile and spacing ratio of thin films decreases with increase in ambient pressures and shows highest value at low pressure (160 mbar) in helium environment as compared with air and argon

Development and characterisation study of liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam.

The objective of present work was to develop a novel liposomes-based drug delivery system for a lipophilic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, piroxicam. The system was prepared using proliposomes method and optimised for different preparation parameters including type of proliposomes, concentration of drug, duration of hydration and type of particle size reduction treatment used. All prepared liposomal samples were extensively characterized for their drug-entrapment and size profile using various in-vitro techniques. Present work showed that the most optimum formulation (Pro-lipoTM Duo; 12mg piroxicam per gram Pro-lipoTM; 10 hours hydration time) produced highest amount of actual drug been entrapped in liposomes (800.4 mg/g Pro-lipoTM) with a satisfactory entrapment efficiency of 15.36%. This formulation had also produced liposomal samples with a homogenous (polydispersity index = 0.45) and small particle size (359.95nm). Extrusion technique was found to cause significant reduction in drug-entrapment and size profile of drug-loaded liposomes. A 4-weeks storage study showed that drug-entrapment and size profile of liposomal samples were stable in both refrigerated and room temperature. Electron microscopy revealed that prepared liposomal samples were spherical-shaped and showed concentric lamellae. In conclusion, present work successfully demonstrated a simple, reproducible and practical method of preparation for liposomes-encapsulated piroxicam