Informelles Lernen in der beruflichen Bildung. Die Diskussion in Europa und die Realität in Afrika

Dieser Artikel thematisiert das informelle Lernen in der beruflichen Bildung. Im ersten Teil werden grundlegende Überlegungen zu einer Definition informellen Lernens angestellt, die dann auf die Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung und Bewertung der Bedeutung informellen Lernens führen. Im zweiten Teil wird dann an einem Beispiel aus der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit gezeigt, wie durch informelles Lernen der Erwerb beruflicher Kompetenzen unterstützt werden kann. (DIPF/Orig.)This article broaches the issue of informal learning in vocational education. The first part deals with basic considerations about the definition of informal learning and outlines the difficulties concerning the acquisition and assessment of the meaning of informal learning. The second part shows with regard to an example of developement cooperation, how informal learning can support the acquirement of vocational competencies. (DIPF/Orig.

Power-to-X and power-to-power routes

The increasing dependence on a worldwide scale of the power generation sector on non-dispatchable renewable sources, such as wind or solar, is posing challenges to the electricity infrastructures that require flexibility solutions to keep the balance between power supply and demand. Flexible generation, energy storage, demand side response are among the several strategies pursued to increase the flexibility of electricity management in the presence of a large share of RES generation, but flexibility can also derive by the conversion of electricity to other energy commodities. Among the secondary energy carriers, electricity can be stored in the form of chemical potential following the so-called “Power-to-X” scheme. In this route, electricity is converted in energy carriers, such as hydrogen, that can be exploited not only for time-shifted power delivery (“X-to-Power” reverse scheme), but also employed to cover nonelectrical demand in different sectors, such as transportation, heating, and industry. This chapter provides a detailed description of the different routes in the Power-to-X scheme, highlighting the technologies, the benefits and services provided to the energy system, the strengths and criticality points, the possible applications of the output streams, and the lessons learned from projects and demonstrations worldwide