Expression of TRPV1 channels after nerve injury provides an essential delivery tool for neuropathic pain attenuation.

Increased expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels, following nerve injury, may facilitate the entry of QX-314 into nociceptive neurons in order to achieve effective and selective pain relief. In this study we hypothesized that the level of QX-314/capsaicin (QX-CAP)--induced blockade of nocifensive behavior could be used as an indirect in-vivo measurement of functional expression of TRPV1 channels. We used the QX-CAP combination to monitor the functional expression of TRPV1 in regenerated neurons after inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transection in rats. We evaluated the effect of this combination on pain threshold at different time points after IAN transection by analyzing the escape thresholds to mechanical stimulation of lateral mental skin. At 2 weeks after IAN transection, there was no QX-CAP mediated block of mechanical hyperalgesia, implying that there was no functional expression of TRPV1 channels. These results were confirmed immunohistochemically by staining of regenerated trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. This suggests that TRPV1 channel expression is an essential necessity for the QX-CAP mediated blockade. Furthermore, we show that 3 and 4 weeks after IAN transection, application of QX-CAP produced a gradual increase in escape threshold, which paralleled the increased levels of TRPV1 channels that were detected in regenerated TG neurons. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that non-myelinated neurons regenerated slowly compared to myelinated neurons following IAN transection. We also show that TRPV1 expression shifted towards myelinated neurons. Our findings suggest that nerve injury modulates the TRPV1 expression pattern in regenerated neurons and that the effectiveness of QX-CAP induced blockade depends on the availability of functional TRPV1 receptors in regenerated neurons. The results of this study also suggest that the QX-CAP based approach can be used as a new behavioral tool to detect dynamic changes in TRPV1 expression, in various pathological conditions. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down

High fluoride and low pH level have been detected in popular flavoured beverages in Malaysia

Objective: In children, excessive ingestion of fluoride from different sources including bottled drinking water and flavoured beverages or soft drinks can lead to the development of dental fluorosis. In addition, the pH level of beverages is important. Low pH can cause dental erosion. In this study we explore the fluoride content and pH level of certain popular beverages available in Malaysian supermarkets and hawkers' stalls. Methods: Bottled drinking water and selected popular flavoured packet drinks were purchased from a supermarket and the corresponding flavoured hawkers' drinks, from a hawker's stall in Kuala Lumpur. Fluoride and pH of the beverages were determined using digital fluoride meter and digital pH meter respectively. Results: It was found that fluoride content and pH level vary among the beverages. The mean fluoride content in both packet and hawkers' drinks (7.64±1.88 mg/L, 7.51±1.60 mg/L, respectively) was approximately 7 times higher than the bottled drinking water (1.05±0.35 mg/L). Among the beverages, the tea packet drink was found to contain the highest amount of fluoride (13.02±0.23 mg/L). The mean pH of bottled-drinking water was near neutral (6.96±0.17), but acidic for both supermarket (4.78.00±0.49) and hawkers' drinks (5.73±0.24). The lychee packet drink had the lowest pH level (2.97±0.03). Conclusions: Due to the wide variation of the fluoride content and pH level of the drinks tested in this study, it is recommended that steps should be taken to control the fluoride concentration and pH level in beverages if dental fluorosis and erosion are to be prevented. This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down

Expression of TRPV1 channels after nerve injury provides an essential delivery tool for neuropathic pain attenuation.

Increased expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels, following nerve injury, may facilitate the entry of QX-314 into nociceptive neurons in order to achieve effective and selective pain relief. In this study we hypothesized that the level of QX-314/capsaicin (QX-CAP) - induced blockade of nocifensive behavior could be used as an indirect in-vivo measurement of functional expression of TRPV1 channels. We used the QX-CAP combination to monitor the functional expression of TRPV1 in regenerated neurons after inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transection in rats. We evaluated the effect of this combination on pain threshold at different time points after IAN transection by analyzing the escape thresholds to mechanical stimulation of lateral mental skin. At 2 weeks after IAN transection, there was no QX-CAP mediated block of mechanical hyperalgesia, implying that there was no functional expression of TRPV1 channels. These results were confirmed immunohistochemically by staining of regenerated trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. This suggests that TRPV1 channel expression is an essential necessity for the QX-CAP mediated blockade. Furthermore, we show that 3 and 4 weeks after IAN transection, application of QX-CAP produced a gradual increase in escape threshold, which paralleled the increased levels of TRPV1 channels that were detected in regenerated TG neurons. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that non-myelinated neurons regenerated slowly compared to myelinated neurons following IAN transection. We also show that TRPV1 expression shifted towards myelinated neurons. Our findings suggest that nerve injury modulates the TRPV1 expression pattern in regenerated neurons and that the effectiveness of QX-CAP induced blockade depends on the availability of functional TRPV1 receptors in regenerated neurons. The results of this study also suggest that the QX-CAP based approach can be used as a new behavioral tool to detect dynamic changes in TRPV1 expression, in various pathological conditions

Pooled analysis of who surgical safety checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods: In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results: Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89⋅6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60⋅6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0⋅17, 95 per cent c.i. 0⋅14 to 0⋅21, P < 0⋅001) or low (363 of 860, 42⋅2 percent; OR 0⋅08, 0⋅07 to 0⋅10, P < 0⋅001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference −9⋅4 (95 per cent c.i. −11⋅9 to −6⋅9) per cent; P < 0⋅001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+12⋅1 (+7⋅0 to +17⋅3) per cent; P < 0⋅001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0⋅60, 0⋅50 to 0⋅73; P < 0⋅001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low-and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion: Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Influence of Commercially Available Organic vs Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth Yield and Quality of Carrot

An experiment was conducted at the Horticulture Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to evaluate the  response of Biomeal, a commercial organic fertilizer in combination with inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality named of carrot. The maximum gross yield (29.27 t ha-1) of carrot was obtained from T4 treatment [recommended dose of inorganic fertilizers (RDIF) + ½ recommended dose of Biomeal (RDB)], while the second lowest gross yield (18.73 t ha-1) was recorded in  alone RDB treatment. Carrot plants treated with RDIF showed the highest values for fresh weight of individual root (67.13 g), marketable yield (18.74 t ha-1), shoot length (47.87 cm), individual root diameter (10.91 mm) and nitrogen content in carrot (2.48%). Among the biochemical properties, the maximum amount of reducing sugar and total sugar (5.15 and 10.51%, respectively) were obtained from T7 treatment (RDIF + RDB). In context of carotene, the highest amount (4.92%) was found in T4 treatment (RDIF + ½ RDB). Considering major nutrients and biochemical properties of carrot, it can be inferred that Biomeal alone is not sufficient enough but it has positive influence when it is applied in combination with inorganic fertilizers. The study  also revealed that there was no significant contribution of Biomeal to increase organic carbon, N, P, S and Ca content in post  harvest soils. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i1.11551 J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 5(1): 39 - 45, 2012  </jats:p

Physicochemical Properties and Metallic Constituent Load in the Water Samples of the Buriganga of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to assess the level of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Cd and Ni contamination in the water samples of the Buriganga river. Total 14 water samples were collected from different areas of upstream of the Buriganga river to determine the physicochemical properties, concentration of different metallic constituents and assess the heavy metal pollution load. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used for analyzing the heavy metals of the samples. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, K in water samples were 0.779, 0.889, 140.39, 26.9 ?g mL-1, respectively. The mean concentration of Cr, Pb, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in the water samples were 0.17, 0.05, 0.67, 0.22, 0.55 and 0.17 ?g mL-1, respectively. The amount of Cd in all samples and Pb in 10 samples was below detectable limit of the instrument (0.01 ?g mL-1). Water pH ranged from 4.09 to 7.41 and EC was 346 to 7720 µS cm-1. Magnitude of heavy metal pollution in the Buriganga river system implies that the condition is very alarming and may severely affect the aquatic ecology of the river. To minimize the severe impact on city dwellers and aquatic ecology of the Buriganga river, sustainable steps and continuous monitoring on pollution prevention and cleanup operation is suggested.J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 8(2): 141-146 2015</jats:p

Heavy Metals and Major Ionic Pollution Assessment in Waters of Midstream of the River Karatoa in Bangladesh

In a quantitative assessment of water collected from the midstream of Karatoa river in Bangladesh, 31 water samples were analyzed to assess heavy metals, major ionic constituents and suitability parameters for irrigation usage. The electrical conductivity of all collected samples were within the range of 450 to 1653 ?S cm-1 indicating medium to high salinity. Total dissolved solids ranged from 247 to 789 mg L-1 and the samples were rated as fresh water (&lt;1000 mg L-1). The anion chemistry in the Karatoa river water was dominated by HCO3- and Cl-, which contributed 66 and 31%, respectively of the total anionic mass balance. On the other hand, the cation chemistry indicated that 8 samples showed dominance sequence as Ca &gt; Mg &gt; Na &gt; K, 8 samples as Ca &gt; K &gt; Na &gt; Mg, 7 samples as Ca &gt; Mg &gt; K &gt; Na, 6 samples as Ca &gt; Na &gt; K &gt; Mg and only 2 samples as Ca &gt; K &gt; Mg &gt; Na. Among the studied heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni), the most dominant metal was Fe and Mn. The concentration of Mn in 13 water samples exceeded the surface water quality standard (0.10 mg L-1) indicating Mn toxicity. Considering hardness, 6 water samples were graded as moderately hard while the rest 25 samples were graded as hard. As regards to permeability index, 65% of the water samples collected from the midstream of Karatoa river belongs to the unsuitable category.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14806 J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 5(2): 149-160 2012</jats:p

Effect of reinforcement on strength behaviour of handmade jute paper

To produce high strength handmade paper, handmade was reinforced by jute fibre along with/without internal additives (rosin, wax etc.), external additive such as Microcrystalline Cellulose(MCC) suspension. Optimum result was obtained when MCC suspension was applied as external additive along with reinforcement . The strength was increased by 34.69 % due to reinforcement and application of MCC suspension as external additive. The application of rosin along with reinforcement did not play any a significant role in imparting strength and application of wax emulsion hampered the strength of paper. Keywords: Handmade, Jute, Paper, Reinforcement, Strength DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v4i1.4355 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.4(1) 2009 pp.45-49</jats:p