Penggunaan Teknologi Kolam (Pond)-biofilm Untuk Mengurangi Konsentrasi Amoniak Dalam Limbah Cair Tapioka Dengan Media Biofilter Pipa Pvc Sarang Tawon Dan Tempurung Kelapa

The pollution impact of tapioca industries are influenced for the society who are around the area of the tapioca industries. The content of pollutants, especially ammonia with high concentrations can cause environmental pollution and death of aquatic organisms because ammonia is caustic. Before being used in the tapioca wastewater treatment, honeycomb pvc pipe and coconut shell as biofilter medias are made of acclimatization during 45 days. After the acclimatization process, tapioca wastewater is replaced with new one for running process and then followed by a test phase velocity reduction rate of the compound NH3, NO2 and NO3 by biofilm layer formed during acclimatization. The results pointed a high reduction efficiency on Ammonia, Nitrite and Nitrate by 89.40%, 99.06%, 99.09% at 5 hours of time detention in the drum reactor. The efficiency of reducing the concentration of Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate in tapioca waste by using honeycomb pvc pipe and coconut shell as biofilter medias have fulfilled quality standards as regulated by the Central Java No.5 of 2012 amounted to 20 mg / l for ammonia, 20 mg / l for nitrite and 1 mg / l for nitrates. After treating by a pond - biofilms, tapioca waste results are14,120 mg / l, 0.328 mg / l and 0.714 mg / l

East Asia's gas-market failure and distinctive economics—A case study of low oil prices

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd This paper proposes that the gas economics in East Asia (including Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia) is different from standard economics due to its exogenous oil-indexed pricing and certain region-specific and industry-specific factors. Based on a hypothesis of distinctive economics, this paper proposes an analytical framework that studies East Asian gas markets. We demonstrate this framework through a case study of the effects of a low oil prices. The qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that low oil prices, and subsequent oil-indexed gas prices, have affected gas supply and demand, and trade and pricing dynamics in ways that can be explained by the distinctive gas economics. This paper demonstrates that the distinctive economics may cause market failure and that the analytical framework based on the distinctive economics can be used to assess policy options to address these market failures

Key elements for functioning gas hubs: A case study of East Asia

© 2018 Sichuan Petroleum Administration This paper clarifies various concepts relevant to gas trading hubs and presents an innovative framework with key elements to create gas hubs. The nine key elements in the framework are further divided into basic elements for balancing hubs and advanced elements for benchmark hubs. The framework is applied to three East Asian case studies. The East Asian comparative case study shows that while Singapore is leading the way in establishing an LNG hub in Asia, the LNG hub concept is yet to be tested. Meanwhile, although China has the potential to host a gas hub, its current level of hub development is low. The paper suggests that these countries can advance their hub initiatives by strengthening the key elements as detailed in the proposed framework and create a more conducive environment through efforts such as market liberalization

Global impact of uncertainties in China's gas market

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd This paper examines the uncertainties in Chinese gas markets, analyze the reasons and quantify their impact on the world gas market. A literature review found significant variability among the outlooks on China's gas sector. Further assessment found that uncertainties in economic growth, structural change in markets, environmental regulations, price and institutional changes contribute to the uncertainties. The analysis of China's demand and supply uncertainties with a world gas-trading model found significant changes in global production, trade patterns and spot prices, with pipeline exporters being most affected. China's domestic production and pipeline imports from Central Asia are the major buffers that can offset much of the uncertainties. The study finds an asymmetric phenomenon. Pipeline imports are responding to China's uncertainties in both low and high demand scenarios while LNG imports are only responding to high demand scenario. The major reasons are higher TOP levels and the current practice of import only up to the minimum TOP levels for LNG, as well as a lack of liberalized gas markets. The study shows that it is necessary to create LNG markets that can respond to market dynamics, through either a reduction of TOP levels or change of pricing mechanisms to hub indexation