Dramatic Transcriptional Changes in an Intracellular Parasite Enable Host Switching between Plant and Insect

Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that have devastating effects on the yields of crops and plants worldwide. They are intracellular parasites of both plants and insects, and are spread among plants by insects. How phytoplasmas can adapt to two diverse environments is of considerable interest; however, the mechanisms enabling the “host switching” between plant and insect hosts are poorly understood. Here, we report that phytoplasmas dramatically alter their gene expression in response to “host switching” between plant and insect. We performed a detailed characterization of the dramatic change that occurs in the gene expression profile of Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris OY-M strain (approximately 33% of the genes change) upon host switching between plant and insect. The phytoplasma may use transporters, secreted proteins, and metabolic enzymes in a host-specific manner. As phytoplasmas reside within the host cell, the proteins secreted from phytoplasmas are thought to play crucial roles in the interplay between phytoplasmas and host cells. Our microarray analysis revealed that the expression of the gene encoding the secreted protein PAM486 was highly upregulated in the plant host, which is also observed by immunohistochemical analysis, suggesting that this protein functions mainly when the phytoplasma grows in the plant host. Additionally, phytoplasma growth in planta was partially suppressed by an inhibitor of the MscL osmotic channel that is highly expressed in the plant host, suggesting that the osmotic channel might play an important role in survival in the plant host. These results also suggest that the elucidation of “host switching” mechanism may contribute to the development of novel pest controls

2018ネンド トショカン ゲンバ エンシュウ ホウコク / <アイチケン トショカン> / <イバラキ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <ウジシ チュウオウ トショカン> / <オオサカ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <オオサカ フリツ ダンジョ キョウドウ サンカク セイショウネン センター ジョウホウ ライブラリー> / <オオサカ フリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <オオサカ フリツ ナカノシマ トショカン> / <オオツ シリツ トショカン> / <キョウタナベ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <キョウトシ ウキョウ チュウオウ トショカン> / <キョウトシ ダイゴ チュウオウ トショカン> / <キョウトシ フシミ チュウオウ トショカン> / <キョウト フリツ キョウトガク レキサイカン> / <キョウト フリツ トショカン> / <クマモト シリツ トショカン> / <コウベシ チュウオウ トショカン> / <コクサイ ニホン ブンカ ケンキュウ センター トショカン> / <コクリツ コッカイ トショカン トウキョウ ホンカン> / <ジョウヨウ シリツ トショカン> / <セタガヤ クリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <タカツキ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <ドウシシャ コウトウ ガッコウ トショカン> / <ドウシシャ ジョシ ダイガク トショ ジョウホウガク センター> / <ドウシシャ ジョシ チュウガッコウ コウトウ ガッコウ トショ ジョウホウ センター> / <ドウシシャ ダイガク トショカン> / <トヨナカ シリツ オカマチ トショカン> / <ナラ ケンリツ トショ ジョウホウカン> / <ニシノミヤ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <ヒロシマ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <ヒラカタ シリツ チュウオウ トショカン> / <ヤス トショカン> / <ヤワタ シリツ ヤワタ シミン トショカン>

application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

The phytoplasmal virulence factor TENGU causes plant sterility by downregulating of the jasmonic acid and auxin pathways

Despite plants infected by pathogens are often unable to produce offspring, it remains unclear how sterility is induced in host plants. In this study, we demonstrate that TENGU, a phytoplasmal virulence peptide known as a dwarfism inducer, acts as an inducer of sterility. Transgenic expression of TENGU induced both male and female sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana flowers similar to those observed in double knockout mutants of auxin response factor 6 (ARF6) and ARF8, which are known to regulate floral development in a jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent manner. Transcripts of ARF6 and ARF8 were significantly decreased in both tengu-transgenic and phytoplasma-infected plants. Furthermore, JA and auxin levels were actually decreased in tengu-transgenic buds, suggesting that TENGU reduces the endogenous levels of phytohormones by repressing ARF6 and ARF8, resulting in impaired flower maturation. TENGU is the first virulence factor with the effects on plant reproduction by perturbation of phytohormone signaling

A Report and the Challenges of Clinical Activities Interded for Non Attending School Children (2) : Developing group program and individual needs program.

text紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paperdepartmental bulletin pape

A Report and the Challenges of Clinical Activities Intended for Non Attending School Children (1) : Trying the Way of Home Visiting.

text紀要論文 / Departmental Bulletin Paperdepartmental bulletin pape

Japanese GWAS identifies variants for bust-size, dysmenorrhea, and menstrual fever that are eQTLs for relevant protein-coding or long non-coding RNAs

AbstractTraits related to primary and secondary sexual characteristics greatly impact females during puberty and day-to-day adult life. Therefore, we performed a GWAS analysis of 11,348 Japanese female volunteers and 22 gynecology-related phenotypic variables, and identified significant associations for bust-size, menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) severity, and menstrual fever. Bust-size analysis identified significant association signals in CCDC170-ESR1 (rs6557160; P = 1.7 × 10−16) and KCNU1-ZNF703 (rs146992477; P = 6.2 × 10−9) and found that one-third of known European-ancestry associations were also present in Japanese. eQTL data points to CCDC170 and ZNF703 as those signals’ functional targets. For menstrual fever, we identified a novel association in OPRM1 (rs17181171; P = 2.0 × 10−8), for which top variants were eQTLs in multiple tissues. A known dysmenorrhea signal near NGF replicated in our data (rs12030576; P = 1.1 × 10−19) and was associated with RP4-663N10.1 expression, a putative lncRNA enhancer of NGF, while a novel dysmenorrhea signal in the IL1 locus (rs80111889; P = 1.9 × 10−16) contained SNPs previously associated with endometriosis, and GWAS SNPs were most significantly associated with IL1A expression. By combining regional imputation with colocalization analysis of GWAS/eQTL signals along with integrated annotation with epigenomic data, this study further refines the sets of candidate causal variants and target genes for these known and novel gynecology-related trait loci.</jats:p