A spin- and angle-resolving photoelectron spectrometer

A new type of hemispherical electron energy analyzer that permits angle and spin resolved photoelectron spectroscopy has been developed. The analyzer permits standard angle resolved spectra to be recorded with a two-dimensional detector in parallel with spin detection using a mini-Mott polarimeter. General design considerations as well as technical solutions are discussed and test results from the Au(111) surface state are presented

Frankia [NiFe] uptake hydrogenases and genome reduction: different lineages of loss

Uptake hydrogenase (Hup) recycles H2 formed by nitrogenase during nitrogen fixation, thereby preserving energy. Among root nodule bacteria, most rhizobial strains examined are Hup-, while only one Hup- Frankia inoculum had been identified. Previous analyses had led to the identification of two different [NiFe] hydrogenase syntons. We analysed the distribution of different types of [NiFe] hydrogenase in the genomes of different Frankia species. Our results show that Frankia strains can contain four different [NiFe] hydrogenase syntons representing groups 1f, 1h, 2a, and 3b according to S & oslash;ndergaard, Pedersen, and Greening (HydDB: a web tool for hydrogenase classification and analysis. Sci Rep 2016;6:34212. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34212.); no more than three types were found in any individual genome. The phylogeny of the structural proteins of groups 1f, 1h, and 2a follows Frankia phylogeny; the phylogeny of the accessory proteins does not consistently. An analysis of different [NiFe] hydrogenase types in Actinomycetia shows that under the most parsimonious assumption, all four types were present in the ancestral Frankia strain. Based on Hup activities analysed and the losses of syntons in different lineages of genome reduction, we can conclude that groups 1f and 2a are involved in recycling H2 formed by nitrogenase while group 1 h and group 3b are not.Different types of [NiFe] hydrogenases in the genus Frankia and their roles in nitrogen fixation deduced from losses in lineages of genome erosion

Motivation pour apprendre une langue étrangère – une question de visualisation? : Les effets de trois activités en cours de français sur la motivation d’élèves suédois

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The effect of temporary parental benefit on children’s antibiotics use: Evidence from a natural field experiment

Prudent use of antibiotics is important to delay the spread of resistance. This paper analyses the effect on children’s antibiotics use of a reform of the temporary parental benefit in Sweden. The reform increased the maximum compensation for this benefit. The level of compensation for social security may affect the propensity of a patient or parent to push for a prescription for antibiotics, as a less generous compensation makes it more expensive to be absent from work and since there is widespread overconfidence in the effectiveness of antibiotics. Using municipality level data, we show that the reform resulted in a reduction in children’s antibiotics use by about five per cent. The result is fairly robust to alternative empirical strategies, suggesting that welfare policies can have important indirect effects that should be taken into account

How do specialist nurses involve children and adolescents in health visits in child health care and school health services? – A systematic literature review from the perspective of the specialist nurse and the child.

Abstract Background: In Sweden, children's health is monitored by child health care and school health services, arenas where district nurses are active. District nurses work to promote public health in all phases of life and strive for good and equal care. Person-centered care is an approach to involve patients, including children. As children have the right to be involved in matters regarding their own health. However, participation can look different, and the extent can vary. Aim: To describe how children and adolescents are involved in health visits within child health services and school health services based on the perspectives of specialist nurses and children. Method: Systematic litterature review according to Bettany-Saltikov & McSherry. Results: The two main categories that emerged were the specialist nurse’s approach to promoting children’s participation and the child´s perspective on participation, with three subcategories each. There are several different communication tools that can be used to increase children's participation. However, these tools can also be barriers to participation if the specialist nurse does not have enough competence to use the tools or tailor the meeting to the individual. Based on children's rights, both a child perspective and the child's perspective need to be assumed, and the specialist nurse needs knowledge of children of all ages to facilitate a person-centered meeting. Children who feel respected and empowered in their abilities experience a higher degree of participation. Conclusion: A central part of the work to increase participation for children is the competence of the specialist nurse and that they work in a person-centered way. Different communication tools can enable children and adolescents to participate in health visits. However, for increased participation it is necessary that the specialist nurse who meets the child has broad knowledge of both the tools used and the developmental and maturity levels of children. A barrier for the specialist nurse, regardless of competence, is stress, lack of time, or lack of support and commitment at an organizational level.Bakgrund: I Sverige följs barns hälsa av barnhälsovården och elevhälsan, arenor där distriktssköterskor är verksamma. Distriktssköterskor arbetar för att främja folkhälsa i livets alla faser och skall verka för god och jämlik vård. Personcentrerad vård är ett arbetssätt för att inkludera patienter, även barn. Barn har lagstadgad rätt att vara delaktiga i frågor som rör den egna hälsan. Delaktighet kan dock se ut på olika sätt och omfattningen kan variera. Syfte: Att beskriva hur barn och unga görs delaktiga i hälsobesöken inom barnhälsovården och elevhälsan utifrån specialistsjuksköterskors och barns perspektiv. Metod: Systematisk litteraturöversikt enligt Bettany-Saltikov & McSherry. Resultat: De två kategorierna som framträdde var specialistsjuksköterskans arbetssätt för att främja barns delaktighet samt barnets perspektiv på delaktighet med respektive tre underkategorier. Det finns ett flertal olika kommunikationsverktyg att använda sig utav för att öka barns delaktighet. Dock kan dessa också utgöra hinder för delaktighet om specialistsjuksköterskan inte har kompetens nog att använda verktygen eller individanpassa mötet. Utifrån barns rättigheter behöver såväl ett barnperspektiv som barnets perspektiv antas och specialistsjuksköterskan behöver kunskap om barnets alla åldrar för att få till stånd ett personcentrerat möte. Barn som känner sig respekterade och stärkta i sin förmåga upplever högre grad av delaktighet. Slutsats: En central del i arbetet med att öka delaktighet för barn är specialistsjuksköterskans kompetens och att denne arbetar personcentrerat. Olika kommunikationsverktyg kan möjliggöra barn och ungas delaktighet vid hälsobesök. Det är emellertid en förutsättning för ökad delaktighet att specialistsjuksköterskan som möter barnet innehar bred och god kunskap om såväl de verktyg som används som om barns utvecklings- och mognadsnivåer. Ett hinder för specialistsjuksköterskan oavsett kompetens är stress, tidsbrist eller bristande stöd och engagemang på organisatorisk nivå

Accretion process, magnetic fields, and apsidal motion in the pre-main sequence binary DQ Tau

Classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) are young stellar objects that accrete materials from their accretion disc influenced by their strong magnetic field. The magnetic pressure truncates the disc at a few stellar radii and forces the material to leave the disc plane and fall onto the stellar surface by following the magnetic field lines. However, this global scheme may be disturbed by the presence of a companion interacting gravitationally with the accreting component. This work is aiming to study the accretion and the magnetic field of the tight eccentric binary DQ Tau, composed of two equal-mass ($\sim$ 0.6 \msun ) CTTSs interacting at different orbital phases. We investigated the variability of the system using a high-resolution spectroscopic and spectropolarimetric monitoring performed with ESPaDOnS at the CFHT. We provide the first ever magnetic field analysis of this system, the Zeeman-Doppler imaging revealed a stronger magnetic field for the secondary than the primary (1.2 kG and 0.5 kG, respectively), but the small-scale fields analysed through Zeeman intensification yielded similar strengths (about 2.5 kG). The magnetic field topology and strengths are compatible with the accretion processes on CTTSs. Both components of this system are accreting, with a change of the main accretor during the orbital motion. In addition, the system displays a strong enhancement of the mass accretion rate at periastron and apastron. We also discovered, for the first time in this system, the apsidal motion of the orbital ellipse.Comment: 18 pages, 20 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA

Potentials in Li-Ion Batteries Probed by Operando Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The important electrochemical processes in a battery happen at the solid/liquid interfaces. Operando ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy (APPES) is one tool to study these processes with chemical specificity. However, accessing this crucial interface and identifying the interface signal are not trivial. Therefore, we present a measurement setup, together with a suggested model, exemplifying how APPES can be used to probe potential differences over the electrode/electrolyte interface, even without direct access to the interface. Both the change in electron electrochemical potential over the solid/liquid interface, and the change in Li chemical potential of the working electrode (WE) surface at Li-ion equilibrium can be probed. Using a Li4Ti5O12 composite as a WE, our results show that the shifts in kinetic energy of the electrolyte measured by APPES can be correlated to the electrochemical reactions occurring at the WE/electrolyte interface. Different shifts in kinetic energy are seen depending on if a phase transition reaction occurs or if a single phase is lithiated. The developed methodology can be used to evaluate charge transfer over the WE/electrolyte interface as well as the lithiation/delithiation mechanism of the WE