Fuzzy Maximum Satisfiability

In this paper, we extend the Maximum Satisfiability (MaxSAT) problem to {\L}ukasiewicz logic. The MaxSAT problem for a set of formulae {\Phi} is the problem of finding an assignment to the variables in {\Phi} that satisfies the maximum number of formulae. Three possible solutions (encodings) are proposed to the new problem: (1) Disjunctive Linear Relations (DLRs), (2) Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and (3) Weighted Constraint Satisfaction Problem (WCSP). Like its Boolean counterpart, the extended fuzzy MaxSAT will have numerous applications in optimization problems that involve vagueness.Comment: 10 page

Tone disclosure and financial performance:evidence from Egypt

This paper examines to what extent financial performance (FP) represents one of the main determinants for tone disclosure (TD) in Egyptian annual reports. We also measure the bidirectional relationship between TD and FP. We use the manual content analysis to measure levels of TD in annual reports for a sample of 105 firms listed on the Egyptian stock market. Our sample covers a three-year period (2011–2013). Our descriptive analysis shows that Egyptian firms disclose more good news than bad news. Therefore, the net news disclosure, or net variances, between good/bad is positive. The empirical analysis shows a positive association between the narrative disclosure of good/bad news and FP based on return on assets (ROA). We also find a highly significant association between the auditor, profitability, leverage, firm growth and financial reporting of good/bad news information. Finally, the results of the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression show that the causality between the two endogenous variables runs from FP to TD . Thus, TD is determined by FP. We offer a novel contribution to disclosure studies by being the first study to examine tone disclosure in one of the developing countries

The Political Basis of Abstraction in the 20th Century as Explored by a Painter

The political nature of abstraction presented from an artist’s point of view – one who considers the most advanced task is the exploration of the language of pictures. Such exploration is understood as a separate discipline from the many others that employ pictures for practical functions. The author examines the development of 20th century abstraction as an effect of revolutionary social motion. Historic steps to abstraction, taking shape as rising and receding artistic movements, are correlated to revolutionary motion. The materialist underpinning of abstraction is distinguished from the idealism of Post-Modernism. The paper ends with an examination of contemporary discourse in the Western art world that attempts to erase the internationalism of abstraction and, thereby, marginalize non-Western practitioners