Hub and spoke trade agreements under oligopoly with asymmetric costs

Using an oligopoly model of trade, we study the individual and world welfare implications of hub and spoke trade agreements. Under a hub and spoke regime, the hub country can benefit at the expense of the spokes relative to free trade. Furthermore, if the hub is sufficiently efficient compared to the spokes, such a regime can yield higher global welfare than free trade. Preferential treatment of the hub country in its export markets improves world welfare because it helps allocate a larger share of the world's output to a low cost location

Invariants of hyperbolic partial differential operators

We present a construction of a large class of Laplace invariants for linear hyperbolic partial differential operators of fairly general form and arbitrary order

Hub and spoke trade agreements under oligopoly with asymmetric costs

Using an oligopoly model of trade, we study the individual and world welfare implications of hub and spoke trade agreements. Under a hub and spoke regime, the hub country can benefit at the expense of the spokes relative to free trade. Furthermore, if the hub is sufficiently efficient compared to the spokes, such a regime can yield higher global welfare than free trade. Preferential treatment of the hub country in its export markets improves world welfare because it helps allocate a larger share of the world's output to a low cost location.oligopoly, hub and spoke trade agreements, global free trade

Hub and Spoke Trade Agreements under Oligopoly with Asymmetric Costs

Using an oligopoly model of trade with asymmetric costs, we study the individual and world welfare implications of a hub and spoke trade agreement where the hub country is more efficient than spoke countries. Under a hub and spoke trade regime, the hub country can benefit at the expense of the spokes relative to free trade. Furthermore, if the hub is sufficiently efficient compared to the spokes, such a regime can yield higher global welfare than free trade. Preferential treatment of the efficient hub country in its export markets improves world welfare because it helps allocate a larger share of the world's output to a low cost location.oligopoly, hub and spoke trade agreements, global free trade

Bilateralism, multilateralism, and the quest for global free trade

We develop an equilibrium theory of trade agreements in which both the degree and the nature (bilateral or multilateral) of trade liberalization are endogenously determined. To determine whether and how bilateralism matters, we also analyze a scenario where countries pursue trade liberalization on only a multilateral basis. We find that when countries have asymmetric endowments or when governments value producer interests more than tari¤ revenue and consumer surplus, there exist circumstances where global free trade is a stable equilibrium only if countries are free to pursue bilateral trade agreements. By contrast, under symmetry, both bilateralism and multilateralism yield global free trade.Bilateral trade agreements, multilateral trade liberalization, free trade agreements, GATT

FREE TRADE, AUTARKY AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT

We determine the impact of free trade on the sustainability of an international environmental agreement (IEA) and incorporate it into the assessment of the net benefits of opening up to free trade. We show that such an analysis can reverse the conclusions reached within a standard one-shot game framework. First, we examine a one shot game and argue that the benefits from an increase in economic activity due to free trade outweigh the extra cost of free trade associated with larger environmental damage. Then, we analyze the infinite repetition of the one-shot game where countries can use trigger strategies and show that there exist circumstances where an IEA is sustainable under autarky but not under free trade. This aggravates the environmental damages caused by free trade and leads to the possibility that autarky may welfare dominate free trade. This conclusion remains valid even when countries adopt the most cooperative environmental policy when the "fully cooperative" environmental policy is not sustainable.

Bilateral trade agreements and the feasibility of multilateral free trade

This paper compares stable Nash equilibria of two games of trade liberalization. In the FTA game, each country can form an FTA with either one of its trade partners, or both of them, or none of them. By contrast, in the No FTA game, each country must choose either no agreement or free trade. Under symmetry, free trade is uniquely stable under the No FTA game whereas the FTA game also admits a bilateral FTA as an equilibrium. However, there exist patterns of cost asymmetry for which the freedom to pursue bilateral FTAs is necessary for achieving global free trade.Multilateral Trade Liberalization, Free Trade Agreements, GATT, Intraindustry Trade, Oilgopoly

PENGEMBANGAN KOPAL ( KOMIK PAHLAWAN) PADA PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR SISWA KELAS IV SD PADA TEMA 5 PAHLAWANKU

Teaching materials have an important role as tools to create an effective teaching and learning process. In the teaching and learning process, teaching materials are used with the aim of helping educators to make the learning process more effective and efficient. Learning materials are really needed in teaching and learning activities, because having teaching materials will help educators in conveying the message to be conveyed, apart from that, learning materials can increase students' interest in learning, with learning materials the learning process will attract more students' attention. In class IV at SDN Sawah Sumur 1, teaching materials are needed, namely hero comics, to support the learning process on my hero material.This research uses the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development,Implementation and Evaluation) model. The first stage was carried out to determine existing needs in the field. The second stage, designing the Teaching materials starts from making the cover, preparing the material to selecting a suitable design for the Teaching materials. The third stage, the Teaching materials that has been designed will be made into a product and then validated by material experts and teaching materials experts. The fourth stage, the implementation process in the field. The fifth stage, evaluation is carried out by distributing response questionnaires to class teachers and students. The development of teaching materials based on hero comics contains material about my heroes, in the teaching materials there are pictures in the form of comics which contain explanations about the hero's struggle to liberate Indonesia with pictures. Feasibility results were obtained through material experts and teaching materials experts. It can be seen from the percentage of results that reached 91.3% from material experts and 80.5% from teaching materials experts. The implementation stage in the field also received a percentage that reached 99% of student responses and 99% of teacher responses. At the assessment question stage, students understood the material clearly and got an average score of 94.54% with a very good level. Based on this, it can be concluded that the teaching materials developed can be said to be effective and can provide a fun and interesting learning atmosphere.

Inter-regional Competition, Comparative Advantage, and Environmental Federalism

In this paper, we compare endogenous environmental policy setting with centralized and decentralized governments when regions have comparative advantages in different polluting goods. We develop a two-region, two-good model with inter-regional environmental damages and perfect competition in product markets, where both regions produce both goods. Despite positive spillovers of pollution across regions, the model predicts that decentralization may lead to weaker or stricter environmental standards or taxes, depending on the degree of regional comparative advantage and the extent of transboundary pollution. This suggests that federalism can lead to either a "race to the bottom" or a "race to the top," without relying on inefficient lobbying efforts or capital competition.environmental policy; federalism; centralism; public economics

Aile ocağı ve kader

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 36-Ziya Gökalpİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033