School bonding theory and female juvenile delinquency

This study focused on the school experiences of juvenile delinquent girls before they were admitted to Missouri's Juvenile Justice System. The theoretical framework of the study centered on School Bonding Theory which was developed by Hirschi in 1969. The research question guiding this study was: What was the school experience of female juvenile delinquents prior to entering the juvenile justice system

Chandra Observations of SDSS J1004+4112: Constraints on the Lensing Cluster and Anomalous X-Ray Flux Ratios of the Quadruply Imaged Quasar

We present results from Chandra observations of SDSS J1004+4112, a strongly lensed quasar system with a maximum image separation of 15". All four bright images of the quasar, as well as resolved X-ray emission originating from the lensing cluster, are clearly detected. The emission from the lensing cluster extends out to approximately 1.5 arcmin. We measure the bolometric X-ray luminosity and temperature of the lensing cluster to be 4.7e44 erg s^-1 and 6.4 keV, consistent with the luminosity-temperature relation for distant clusters. The mass estimated from the X-ray observation shows excellent agreement with the mass derived from gravitational lensing. The X-ray flux ratios of the quasar images differ markedly from the optical flux ratios, and the combined X-ray spectrum of the images possesses an unusually strong Fe Kalpha emission line, both of which are indicative of microlensing.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. Version with high-quality color figures at http://cosmic.riken.jp/ota/publications/index.htm

The political life of Benjamin Watkins Leigh

No attempt bas been made in the following pages to give a biography of Benjamin Watkins Leigh nor to speak of his law career except where it relates to the subject.The aim has been rather to give in some detail the public and political life of Leigh and the part he played in the Virginia and United States governments. The formation of the Whig Party in Virginia and the Jackson Administration were the outstanding events that brought Leigh to the forefront. This constitutes the central position in the following chapters. Most of the material for this work has been obtained at the Virginia state Library and the Virginia Historical Society