Effects of early treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the bronchoalveolar lavage proteome and oxylipids during bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are not recommended for use against pneumonia in humans, but are commonly utilised against bovine respiratory disease. This study aimed to determine if the use of NSAIDs in the early phase of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)-infection limits pulmonary inflammation. Four to nine-week old calves were infected with BRSV by aerosol and were treated with either meloxicam intravenously on day (D)4 (n = 5, MEL), acetylsalicylat-DL-lysin intravenously on D4 and D5 (n = 5, ASA), or were left untreated as controls (n = 5, CTR). Clinical signs were monitored daily until necropsy on D7, BRSV-RNA was detected in nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) by RT-qPCR, inflammatory cells and proteins were identified in BAL by cytology and label-free quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics, respectively, and oxylipids were quantified in BAL and plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole mass detectors. The calves developed mild to moderate signs of respiratory disease and, with the exception of one MEL-treated and one ASA-treated calf, limited lung lesions. None of the treatments had a significant effect on virus replication, clinical signs or lung lesion extent. Relative to controls, both treatments initially induced a downregulation of proteins in BAL. Immunoglobulin (Ig)-related proteins, such as the Ig kappa and lambda locus and the joining chain of IgA and IgM, were downregulated in MEL-treated calves compared to controls. In addition, meloxicam induced an increased neutrophil influx in BAL in response to BRSV, possibly related to a reduction in plasma prostaglandin, and to a downregulation of The Liver X Receptor/ Retinoid X Receptor (LXR/RXR), the Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR)/RXR and the 24-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase (DHC24) signalling pathways in the lung. The risk of NSAIDs to increase neutrophil activity during stimulation with BRSV or other toll-like receptor 4 agonists needs to be investigated further. Since augmented neutrophil responses can be detrimental, the results of the present study do not support the use of NSAIDs to prevent the clinical expression of BRSV-infection

Non-Metabolic Membrane Tubulation and Permeability Induced by Bioactive Peptides

BACKGROUND: Basic cell-penetrating peptides are potential vectors for therapeutic molecules and display antimicrobial activity. The peptide-membrane contact is the first step of the sequential processes leading to peptide internalization and cell activity. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in peptide-membrane interaction are not well understood and are frequently controversial. Herein, we compared the membrane activities of six basic peptides with different size, charge density and amphipaticity: Two cell-penetrating peptides (penetratin and R9), three amphipathic peptides and the neuromodulator substance P. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Experiments of X ray diffraction, video-microscopy of giant vesicles, fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidimetry and calcein leakage from large vesicles are reported. Permeability and toxicity experiments were performed on cultured cells. The peptides showed differences in bilayer thickness perturbations, vesicles aggregation and local bending properties which form lipidic tubular structures. These structures invade the vesicle lumen in the absence of exogenous energy. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We showed that the degree of membrane permeabilization with amphipathic peptides is dependent on both peptide size and hydrophobic nature of the residues. We propose a model for peptide-induced membrane perturbations that explains the differences in peptide membrane activities and suggests the existence of a facilitated “physical endocytosis,” which represents a new pathway for peptide cellular internalization

Progression in teaching material

The aim of this study is to examine nine texts used as teaching material in the reading project A Reading Class in terms of three different text-analytical structures. The texts analysed are non-fiction texts intended for grades 1–3. The analysis focuses on the similarities and differences in the textual, ideational and interpersonal structure of the texts and how the progression in the texts is revealed.   The result of the analysis shows that there are considerably more similarities than differences between the texts as regards the analysed structures. The analysis cannot find any clear progression between the texts in certain respects, although the analysed material is intended for pupils in different grades, while in other respects it is possible to see some notion of progression. The result also shows that the concept of progression is problematic to apply in a text analysis alone, since it is affected by how teachers work in practice with the material in the classroom

Progression in teaching material

The aim of this study is to examine nine texts used as teaching material in the reading project A Reading Class in terms of three different text-analytical structures. The texts analysed are non-fiction texts intended for grades 1–3. The analysis focuses on the similarities and differences in the textual, ideational and interpersonal structure of the texts and how the progression in the texts is revealed.   The result of the analysis shows that there are considerably more similarities than differences between the texts as regards the analysed structures. The analysis cannot find any clear progression between the texts in certain respects, although the analysed material is intended for pupils in different grades, while in other respects it is possible to see some notion of progression. The result also shows that the concept of progression is problematic to apply in a text analysis alone, since it is affected by how teachers work in practice with the material in the classroom

"Men det är klart att man vänjer sig" : En undersökning om kvinnoprästers upplevelser av diskriminering inom Svenska kyrkan

The purpose of this essay is to examine clergywomen’s experience of discrimination within the Swedish church as to clergywomen’s opinions about their work and their work situation and how they handle contingent discrimination. The method used in this essay is qualitative, and in order to create an understanding of the topic we have used semi structured interviews and text analysis. Three clergywomen have been interviewed and in addition to this we have studied four clergywomen's reports to JämO regarding gender discrimination. The analysis is based upon a social constructivist perspective and Hirdman's gender system theory. The clergywomen that were interviewed experienced that they have unique qualities that male priests lack. Two of the interviewees stated that they have never been discriminated within the Swedish church. However, all three clergywomen described situations where female- and male priests are treated differently. Our conclusions are that clergywomen are using different kind of strategies to handle discrimination on their workplace. Two of the reports to JämO regarding discrimination were about the possibility to get recruited, and the other two were about differences in wages. In three of the cases JämO could not prove discrimination and in one case were rejected in the work tribunal

To make the critical visible : A study on the importance of task creation in the identification of critical aspects

Inom skolan har kommunikationens betydelse fått allt större roll och användande av uppgifter med öppna respektive slutna frågor är något som får stort fokus. Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för vilka möjligheter uppgifters utformning erbjuder för att identifiera kritiska aspekter. Innehållet som kommer att behandlas handlar om talområdet 0-20 inom addition och subtraktion i årskurs 1. Under studien har två olika grupper av elever observerats vid flera tillfällen där de fick kommunicera om uppgifter med slutna respektive öppna frågor. Genom att analysera kommunikationen som skedde mellan eleverna under observationerna framkommer vilka möjligheter som erbjöds utifrån dessa uppgifters utformning för att uppvisa kritiska aspekter. Resultatet visar på hur både uppgifter med öppna och slutna frågor har för- och nackdelar men att grupper som arbetar med uppgifter med öppna frågor oftare lyckas hjälpa varandra att urskilja nödvändiga aspekter

To make the critical visible : A study on the importance of task creation in the identification of critical aspects

Inom skolan har kommunikationens betydelse fått allt större roll och användande av uppgifter med öppna respektive slutna frågor är något som får stort fokus. Syftet med studien är att få en djupare förståelse för vilka möjligheter uppgifters utformning erbjuder för att identifiera kritiska aspekter. Innehållet som kommer att behandlas handlar om talområdet 0-20 inom addition och subtraktion i årskurs 1. Under studien har två olika grupper av elever observerats vid flera tillfällen där de fick kommunicera om uppgifter med slutna respektive öppna frågor. Genom att analysera kommunikationen som skedde mellan eleverna under observationerna framkommer vilka möjligheter som erbjöds utifrån dessa uppgifters utformning för att uppvisa kritiska aspekter. Resultatet visar på hur både uppgifter med öppna och slutna frågor har för- och nackdelar men att grupper som arbetar med uppgifter med öppna frågor oftare lyckas hjälpa varandra att urskilja nödvändiga aspekter

"Men det är klart att man vänjer sig" : En undersökning om kvinnoprästers upplevelser av diskriminering inom Svenska kyrkan

The purpose of this essay is to examine clergywomen’s experience of discrimination within the Swedish church as to clergywomen’s opinions about their work and their work situation and how they handle contingent discrimination. The method used in this essay is qualitative, and in order to create an understanding of the topic we have used semi structured interviews and text analysis. Three clergywomen have been interviewed and in addition to this we have studied four clergywomen's reports to JämO regarding gender discrimination. The analysis is based upon a social constructivist perspective and Hirdman's gender system theory. The clergywomen that were interviewed experienced that they have unique qualities that male priests lack. Two of the interviewees stated that they have never been discriminated within the Swedish church. However, all three clergywomen described situations where female- and male priests are treated differently. Our conclusions are that clergywomen are using different kind of strategies to handle discrimination on their workplace. Two of the reports to JämO regarding discrimination were about the possibility to get recruited, and the other two were about differences in wages. In three of the cases JämO could not prove discrimination and in one case were rejected in the work tribunal