En ledande fråga - Om ledarskap och positivt klassrumsklimat

Sammanfattning Pedagogens yrkesroll är i ett föränderligt skede, numera krävs en stor yrkeskompetens för att hantera komplexiteten i att undervisa. Skolan har ett uppdrag att skapa en lärandemiljö som gynnar elevernas utveckling. Detta kan enbart ske när alla som är verksamma i skolan funderar över och reflekterar kring sin roll i elevernas lärande och utveckling. Vårt syfte är att undersöka hur pedagoger talar kring och gestaltar sin roll i skapandet av klassrumsklimat. För att uppfylla detta syfte valde vi att utgå från tre frågeställningar: Vilka faktorer påverkar klassrumklimatet enligt pedagogerna? Hur påverkar pedagogens förhållningssätt klassrumsklimatet? Och vad kan pedagogen göra för att skapa studiero och ett positivt klassrumsklimat? Vi har utgått från ledarskapsteorier, för att ställa dessa mot resultaten. Detta för att undersöka hur betydelsefulla teorierna är i pedagogens yrkesroll. I insamlingen av material har vi valt att använda oss av en tredagars fokuserad observation och kvalitativ/halvstrukturerad intervju med tre informanter för att för att få en inblick i frågeställningarna. I resultatet fann vi svårigheten i att översätta teori till praktik och komplexiteten i att skapa ett positivt klassrumsklimat. Även om vi i vår undersökning utgick från pedagogens roll i skapandet av klassrumsklimat, så har vi sett att också en mängd andra faktorer är med och samspelar. Många av dessa är svåra för att förändra. Även om pedagogens förhållningssätt har inflytande på klassrumsklimatet, så är det således inte tillräckligt för att beskriva komplexiteten i skapandet av klassrumsklimat. Vi har kommit fram till att pedagogens förhållningssätt påverkar och att pedagogen behöver reflektera för att bli medveten om sin delaktighet i och om de faktorer som ligger utanför dennes möjlighet att förändra. Vi har genom arbetet fått en större insikt i betydelsen av reflektion för att utveckla verksamheten och för att skapa en gynnsam lärandemiljö.

Нанооб’єкти з точки зору електроніки

The aim of this study was to investigate how individuals;who had been victims of school bullying;perceived their bullying experiences and how these had affected them;and to generate a grounded theory of being a victim of bullying at school. Twenty-one individuals;who all had prior experiences of being bullied in school for more than one year;were interviewed. Qualitative analysis of data was performed by methods from grounded theory. The research identified a basic process of victimising in school bullying;which consisted of four phases: (a) initial attacks;(b) double victimising;(c) bullying exit and (d) after-effects of bullying. Double victimising refers to a process in which there was an interplay between external victimising and internal victimising. Acts of harassment were repeatedly directed at the victims from their social environment at school – a social process that constructed and repeatedly confirmed their victim role in the class or the group. This external victimising affected the victims and initiated an internal victimising;which meant that they internalised the socially constructed victim-image and acted upon this image;which in turn often supported the bullies’ agenda and confirmed the socially constructed victim-image. The findings also indicate the possible positive effect of changing the social environment

Imbalanced land-surface water budgets in a numerical weather prediction system

There has been a significant increase in the skill and resolution of numerical weather prediction models (NWPs) in recent decades, extending the time scales of useful weather predictions. The land-surface models (LSMs) of NWPs are often employed in hydrological applications, which raises the question of how hydrologically representative LSMs really are. In this paper, precipitation (P), evaporation (E) and runoff (R) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global models were evaluated against observational products. The forecasts differ substantially from observed data for key hydrological variables. In addition, imbalanced surface water budgets, mostly caused by data assimilation, were found on both global (P-E) and basin scales (P-E-R), with the latter being more important. Modeled surface fluxes should be used with care in hydrological applications and further improvement in LSMs in terms of process descriptions, resolution and estimation of uncertainties is needed to accurately describe the land-surface water budgets

The norepinephrine transporter (NET) radioligand (S,S)-[18F]FMeNER-D2 shows significant decreases in NET density in the human brain in Alzheimer’s disease: a post-mortem autoradiographic study.

Earlier post-mortem histological and autoradiographic studies have indicated a reduction of cell numbers in the locus coeruleus (LC) and a corresponding decrease in norepinephrine transporter (NET) in brains obtained from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients as compared to age-matched healthy controls. In order to test the hypothesis that the regional decrease of NET is a disease specific biomarker in AD and as such, it can be used in PET imaging studies for diagnostic considerations, regional differences in the density of NET in various anatomical structures were measured in whole hemisphere human brain slices obtained from AD patients and age-matched control subjects in a series of autoradiographic experiments using the novel selective PET radioligand for NET (S,S)-[F-18]FMeNER-D-2. (S,S)-[F-18]FMeNER-D-2 appears to be a useful imaging biomarker for quantifying the density of NET in various brain structures, including the LC and the thalamus wherein the highest densities are found in physiological conditions. In AD significant decreases of NET densities can be demonstrated with the radioligand in both structures as compared to age-matched controls. The decreases in AD correlate with the progress of the disease as indicated by Braak grades. As the size of the LC is below the spatial resolution of the PET scanners, but the size of the thalamus can be detected with appropriate spatial accuracy in advanced scanners, the present findings confirm our earlier observations with PET that the in vivo imaging of NET with (S,S)-[F-18]FMeNER-D-2 in the thalamus is viable. Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to assess the usefulness of such an imaging approach for the early detection of changes in thalamic NET densities as a disease-specific biomarker and the possible use of (S,S)-[F-18]FMeNER-D-2 as a molecular imaging biomarker in AD. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Event and model dependent rainfall adjustments to improve discharge predictions

Most conceptual rainfall–runoff models use as input spatially averaged rainfall fields which are typically associated with significant errors that affect the model outcome. In this study, it is hypothesized that a simple spatially and temporally averaged event–dependent rainfall multiplier can account for errors in the rainfall input. The potentials and limitations of this lumped multiplier approach are explored by evaluating the effects of multipliers on the accuracy and precision of the predictive distributions. Parameter sets found to be behavioural across a range of different flood events were assumed to be a good representation of the catchment dynamics and were used to identify rainfall multipliers for each of the individual events. An effect of the parameter sets on identified multipliers was found, however it was small compared to the differences between events. Accounting for event–dependent multipliers improved the reliability of the predictions. At the cost of a small decrease in precision, the distribution of identified multipliers for past events can be used to account for possible rainfall errors when predicting future events. By using behavioural parameter sets to identify rainfall multipliers, the method offers a simple and computationally efficient way to address rainfall errors in hydrological modelling

Temporal Trends and Drivers of Mercury Pollution in a Boreal Hydropower Reservoir

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a widespread toxic pollutant of major concern in boreal aquatic ecosystems. The inundation caused by hydropower impoundments is well-known to elevate the concentrations of MeHg in water and biota. This study will investigate how a specific hydropower impoundment in northern Sweden has affected mercury (Hg) levels in surface waters and perch during a period of 30 to 32 years. The study focuses on the evolution of Hg following the initial, well-known elevation of MeHg. Temporal and spatial analyses are used to specify how the reservoir is affecting Hg levels through time, for levels both inside the reservoir as well as upstream and downstream. An analysis of potential drivers of the Hg concentrations was used to relate the concentration trends to environmental processes. From the results, the main potential driver for all three Hg variables in the reservoir is water colour, however, several potential drivers, such as oxygen content, have not been tested. The results from temporal and spatial analyses suggest that the elevated MeHg concentrations caused by inundation subsequently decreased for about two decades before the concentrations stabilised at a concentration two times higher than those in an adjacent reference site. Total Hg (THg) concentrations in surface water and THg concentrations in perch are also stabilised at a concentration two times higher than the reference lake three decades after inundation. These continuously elevated levels are suggested to be caused by either the hydropower management, the impact the hydropower impoundment has on the water regime, or potential variations in catchment Hg and organic matter discharge between the hydropower sites and the reference site

Juxtaposition, Form and Intervals of Meaning : Essayistic Montage in Lucky People Center International (1998)

This thesis examines Lucky People Center International (Erik Pauser and Johan Söderberg, 1998) through the lens of the audiovisual essay, focusing particularly on montage, fragmentation and non-verbal thought. Rather than viewing the film as a conventional documentary, this study analyses it as an essayistic film, drawing on theoretical frameworks from Theodor W. Adorno, Dziga Vertov, Gilles Deleuze and Laura Rascaroli. The analysis identifies key essayistic strategies in the film's construct, such as juxtaposition, sonic interstice and visual rhythm, and explores how meaning emerges not through narrative synthesis but through disjunctive, dialectical relations between sound, image and voice. Particular attention is given to how the film handles spatiality, archival material and poetic argumentation. The argument of the thesis is that a form of cinematic thinking that privileges ambiguity, multiplicity, and fragmentation as productive conditions for audiovisual thought is exemplified by Lucky People Center International

Oblique impact responses of Hybrid III and a new headform with more biofidelic coefficient of friction and moments of inertia

New oblique impact methods for evaluating head injury mitigation effects of helmets are emerging, which mandate measuring both translational and rotational kinematics of the headform. These methods need headforms with biofidelic mass, moments of inertia (MoIs) and coefficient of friction (CoF). To fulfil this need, the working group 11 of the European standardization head protection committee (CEN/TC158) has been working on the development of a new headform with realistic MoIs and CoF, based on recent biomechanics research on the human head. In this study, we used a version of this headform (Cellbond) to test a motorcycle helmet under oblique impacts at 8m/s at five different locations. We also used the Hybrid III headform, which is commonly used in helmet oblique impacts. We tested whether there is a difference between the predictions of the headforms in terms of injury metrics based on head kinematics, including peak translational and rotational acceleration, peak rotational velocity and BrIC (Brain Injury Criterion). We also used Imperial College finite element model of human head to predict strain and strain rate across the brain and tested whether there is a difference between the headforms in terms of predicted strain and strain rate. We found that the Cellbond headform produced similar or higher peak translational accelerations depending on the impact location (-3.2% in front-side impact to 24.3% in rear impact). The Cellbond headform however produced significantly lower peak rotational acceleration (-41.8% in rear impact to -62.7% in side impact), peak rotational velocity (-29.5% in side impact to -47.6% in rear impact) and BrIC (-29% in rear-side impact to -45.3% in rear impact). The 90th percentile value of the maximum brain strain and strain rate were also significantly lower using this headform. Our results suggest that MoIs and CoF have significant effects on headform rotational kinematics, and consequently brain deformation, during helmeted oblique impacts. Future helmet standards and rating methods should use headforms with realistic MoIs and CoF (e.g., the Cellbond headform) to ensure more accurate representation of the head in lab impact tests

Impact of temporal resolution of precipitation forcing data on modelled urban-atmosphere exchanges and surface conditions

Representative precipitation data sets are very difficult to obtain due to the inherent spatial and temporal variability of rainfall. Gridded rainfall products exist at various scales, but temporal resolution is coarse (daily or, at best, a few hours). This study demonstrates the impact of low temporal resolution precipitation forcing data (PFD) on modelled energy fluxes, runoff and surface conditions, which could have implications for a range of applications including flood forecasting, irrigation scheduling and epidemiology. An evaporation-interception model originally developed for forests is applied here within the framework of the Surface Urban Energy and Water balance Scheme (SUEWS). The model is forced with rainfall data representative of a range of temporal resolutions (from 5 min to 3 h). Taking the highest resolution case as a reference, differences in model output are found as the temporal resolution of PFD decreases, depending on the timing of rainfall occurrence, intensity and duration. Modelled evaporation, runoff and surface wetness deviate from the reference case, which affect other variables such as the turbulent sensible heat flux. The largest impacts are seen on days with greatest daily total rainfall and, even on days with no rain, differences in antecedent conditions (soil moisture or surface wetness) can cause deviations from the reference case. Errors can be reduced by applying a disaggregation scheme that provides a more realistic distribution of rainfall, importantly, one that allows for intermittent rainfall