Choice of Law: A Well-Watered Plateau

De flesta stora företag använder idag ett affärssystem, för att exempelvis integrera olikafunktioner i verksamheten och automatisera affärsprocesser, vilket har bidragit till attmånga leverantörer har ökat försäljningsfokus mot mindre företag. Små företag inserockså behovet av affärssystem (Iskanius et al., 2009) och statistik visar även attanvändandet ökar i mindre företag (SCB, 2013). Små företag kan inte ses som mindreversioner av stora företag (Malhotra och Temponi, 2010; Welsh och White, 1981), dådessa skiljer sig i exempelvis striktare resursbegränsningar, vilket innebär attaffärssystemsprojekt också skiljer sig från de i stora företag. Av denna anledning är detviktigt för leverantörer att förstå vad som påverkar små företag underinförskaffningsprocessen av ett affärssystem. Denna rapport syftar till att, för småsvenska företag, identifiera faktorer som är avgörande för valet att införskaffa ettaffärssystem och undersöka hur dessa påverkar viktiga faktorer senare i processen.Utifrån en litteraturstudie och en inledande empirisk datainsamling ställdes en teori uppi form av hypoteser om hur avgörande faktorer i införskaffandeprocessens initieringsfaspåverkar viktiga faktorer under anskaffnings- och implementeringsfasen. Genom enfallstudiemetod, där sex företag som införskaffat ett affärssystem under de senaste årenundersöktes, analyserades och testades den framtagna teorin.Studiens resultat belyser vikten av inblandade personers befintliga kunskap, en faktorsom påverkar bland annat möjligheten att ta fram en genomtänkt kravspecifikation ochprojektets struktur. Vidare identifierades stora skillnader i inställningen till att förändraoch effektivisera verksamheten och en syn på resursbegränsningar som leder till attexempelvis otillräcklig tid avvaras för projektet. Trots att affärssystem i små företag oftaanvänds endast för ekonomi och ibland även logistik tyder undersökningen också på attinförskaffandet kan medföra ett stort värde genom ett effektivare arbetssätt.Most large companies today use an ERP system, for example to integrate differentfunctional areas of the organization and automate business processes. This has mademany suppliers increase their sales focus on smaller companies. These companiesrealize the need for ERP systems (Iskanius et al., 2009) and statistics also show that theusage is increasing in smaller companies (SCB, 2013). However, small enterprisescannot be seen as smaller versions of large companies (Malhotra and Temponi, 2010;Welsh and White, 1981) as these differ, for example in more stringent resourceconstraints, which means that ERP projects also differ from those of large companies.For this reason, it is important for suppliers and consultants to understand what affectssmall companies during the process of acquiring an ERP system. This report aims to, insmall Swedish companies, identify factors that affect the decision to acquire an ERPsystem and examine how these affect important factors later in the process.Based on a literature review and an initial empirical data collection, a theory wascreated in the form of hypotheses about how the determinants of the aquiring processinitialization phase affects important factors during the acquisition and implementationphases. Through a case study method, in which six companies that has acquired an ERPsystem in recent years were studied, the developed theory was analyzed and tested.Our results highlight the importance of the existing knowledge of involved persons, afactor that influences, for example, the ability to develop a good requirementsspecification and the project structure. Furthermore, we identified significantdifferences in the openness to changing and improving the work flow of the companyand a view of resource constraints that often leads to insufficient time being spared forthe project. Although ERP system in small enterprises often are used only for financialmanagement and sometimes logistics the study shows that the acquisition can add largevalue to the organization through more efficient work processes

On the explicit finite element formulation of the dynamic contact problem of hyperelastic membranes

Contact-impact problems involving finite deformation axisymmetric membranes are solved by the finite element method with explicit time integration. The formulation of the membrane element and the contact constraint conditions are discussed. The hyperelastic, compressible Blatz and Ko material is used to model the material properties of the membrane. Two example problems are presented

Den palliativa slutenvården i Sverige – en kartläggning av organisation, värdegrund, behov och närståendestöd

Syftet med vår studie är att göra en kartläggning över Sveriges palliativa slutenvårdsenheter och undersöka dessa utifrån organisation, behov, värdegrund och närståendestöd. Målet med studien är att den ska vara heltäckande och information om vilka enheter som finns i Sverige har inhämtats genom registret på Nationella rådet för palliativ vårds hemsida. Undersökningen innefattar endast palliativa enheter som bedriver slutenvård. I genomförandet har vi använt en kvantitativ metod. Vi har gjort en webbenkät som har skickats ut via mail till ansvarig person på varje palliativ enhet. Resultatet har vi analyserat med hjälp av statistikprogrammet SPSS och olika statistiska verktyg. Resultatet visar att palliativa slutenvårdsenheter är utspridda över hela Sverige, men att det finns en koncentration runt storstadsregionerna. Ungefär hälften av enheterna har kö till sina vårdplatser och 75 procent anger att det finns behov av fler vårdplatser inom den egna regionen. De flesta enheter arbetar efter en värdegrund som de uppger påverkar det dagliga arbetet i stor utsträckning. Alla enheter ger någon form av stöd till närstående. Alla erbjuder samtalsstöd. Vi har kommit fram till att det inom vissa områden finns skillnader mellan enheter beroende på vilken huvudman som driver enheten

Influence of Humidity, Temperature and Radicals on the Formation and Thermal Properties of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) from Ozonolysis of {\beta}-pinene

The influence of water and radicals on SOAs produced by {\beta}-pinene ozonolysis was investigated at 298 and 288 K using a laminar flow reactor. A volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA) was used to measure the evaporation of the SOA, enabling the parameterization of its volatility properties. The parameters extracted included the temperature at which 50% of the aerosol had evaporated (TVFR0.5) and the slope factor (SVFR). An increase in SVFR indicates a broader distribution of vapor pressures for the aerosol constituents. Reducing the reaction temperature increased SVFR and decreased TVFR0.5 under humid conditions but had less effect on TVFR0.5 under dry conditions. In general, higher water concentrations gave lower TVFR0.5 values, more negative SVFR values, and a reduction in total SOA production. The radical conditions were changed by introducing OH scavengers to generate systems with and without OH radicals and with different [HO2]/[RO2] ratios. Presence of a scavenger and lower [HO2]/[RO2] ratio reduced SOA production. Observed changes in SVFR values could be linked to the more complex chemistry that occurs in the absence of a scavenger, and indicated that additional HO2 chemistry gives products with a wider range of vapor pressures. Updates to existing ozonolysis mechanisms with routes that describe the observed responses to water and radical conditions for monoterpenes with endocyclic and exocyclic double bonds are discussed

Predicting Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness through a Nanoparticle Test

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Due to the lack of accurate tests to distinguish aggressive cancer from indolent tumor, prostate cancer is often over-treated. Post-surgery pathology analysis revealed that 30% of tumors removed by radical prostatectomy are deemed clinically insignificant and would not have required such invasive treatment.^1^ Over-diagnosis and treatment of low-risk prostate cancer has serious and long-lasting side effect: as high as 70% of the patients who receive radical prostatectomy treatment will suffer a loss of sexual potency that cannot be remedied by drugs such as sildenafil citrate.^2^ We herein report a simple nanoparticle-serum protein adsorption test that not only can distinguish prostate cancer from normal and benign conditions, but also is capable of predicting the aggressiveness of prostate cancer quantitatively. This new test could potentially deliver the long-expected and very much needed solution for better individualization of prostate cancer treatment

A dynamic modelling of safety nets

The nonlinear dynamic modelling of safety net systems is approached at different scales. For this purpose, the fundamental rope dynamic tests are the reference for two basic tools. One hand an anaytical bidimensional model with explicit geometrical nonlinearity and bilnear material law is proposed for preliminary design. On the other hand, a nonlinear explicit finite element is defined for numerical modelling of net systems. Semi-scale and full scale dynamic tests are performed to validate complete finite element models, suitable for global qualification of safety systems. The direct applications of these tools deal with explicit certification of safety systems for high-speed sport, such as downhill competitions

The Contribution of Network Organization and Integration to the Development of Cognitive Control

Cognitive control, which continues to mature throughout adolescence, is supported by the ability for well-defined organized brain networks to flexibly integrate information. However, the development of intrinsic brain network organization and its relationship to observed improvements in cognitive control are not well understood. In the present study, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI), graph theory, the antisaccade task, and rigorous head motion control to characterize and relate developmental changes in network organization, connectivity strength, and integration to inhibitory control development. Subjects were 192 10–26-y-olds who were imaged during 5 min of rest. In contrast to initial studies, our results indicate that network organization is stable throughout adolescence. However, cross-network integration, predominantly of the cingulo-opercular/salience network, increased with age. Importantly, this increased integration of the cingulo-opercular/salience network significantly moderated the robust effect of age on the latency to initiate a correct inhibitory control response. These results provide compelling evidence that the transition to adult-level inhibitory control is dependent upon the refinement and strengthening of integration between specialized networks. Our findings support a novel, two-stage model of neural development, in which networks stabilize prior to adolescence and subsequently increase their integration to support the cross-domain incorporation of information processing critical for mature cognitive control

The effect of temperature and water on secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of limonene, ?³-carene and ?-pinene

International audienceThe effect of reaction temperature and how water vapour influences the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in ozonolysis of limonene, ?3-carene and ?-pinene, both regarding number and mass of particles, has been investigated by using a laminar flow reactor G-FROST. Experiments with cyclohexane and 2-butanol (~3.5×1014 molecules cm?3) as OH scavengers were compared to experiments without any scavenger. The reactions were conducted in the temperature range between 298 and 243 K, and at relative humidities between <10 and 80%. Results showed that there is still a scavenger effect on number and mass concentrations at low temperatures between experiments with and without OH scavenger. This shows that the OH chemistry is influencing the SOA formation also at these temperatures. The overall temperature dependence on SOA formation is not as strong as expected from the partitioning theory. In some cases there is even a positive temperature dependence that must be related to changes in the chemical mechanism and/or reduced rates of secondary chemistry at low temperatures. The water effect at low temperature could be explained by physical uptake and cluster stabilisation. At higher temperatures, only a physical explanation is not sufficient and the observations are in line with water changing the chemical mechanism or reaction rates. The data presented adds to the understanding of SOA contribution to atmospheric aerosol composition, new particle formation and atmospheric degradation mechanisms

Decision-Making Competence and Attempted Suicide

Objective: The propensity of people vulnerable to suicide to make poor life decisions is increasingly well documented. Do they display an extreme degree of decision biases? The present study used a behavioral decision approach to examine the susceptibility of low-lethality and high-lethality suicide attempters to common decision biases, which may ultimately obscure alternative solutions and deterrents to suicide in a crisis. Method: We assessed older and middle-aged individuals who made high-lethality (medically serious; N=31) and low-lethality suicide attempts (N=29). Comparison groups included suicide ideators (N=30), non-suicidal depressed (N=53), and psychiatrically healthy participants (N=28). Attempters, ideators, and non-suicidal depressed participants had unipolar non-psychotic major depression. Decision biases included sunk cost (inability to abort an action for which costs are irrecoverable), framing (responding to superficial features of how a problem is presented), under/overconfidence (appropriateness of confidence in knowledge), and inconsistent risk perception. Data were collected between June of 2010 and February of 2014. Results: Both high- and low-lethality attempters were more susceptible to framing effects, as compared to the other groups included in this study (p< 0.05, ηp2 =.06). In contrast, low-lethality attempters were more susceptible to sunk costs than both the comparison groups and high-lethality attempters (p< 0.01, ηp2 =.09). These group differences remained after accounting for age, global cognitive performance, and impulsive traits. Premorbid IQ partially explained group differences in framing effects. Conclusion: Suicide attempters’ failure to resist framing may reflect their inability to consider a decision from an objective standpoint in a crisis. Low-lethality attempters’ failure to resist sunk cost may reflect their tendency to confuse past and future costs of their behavior, lowering their threshold for acting on suicidal thoughts