The Impact of Microfinance on Growth of Women Entrepreneurship in Pakistan

The study examines the tendency of low growth of entrepreneurship in women who take a small loan from microfinance institutions. In this context, 100 borrowers were selected, and through the questionnaire, the data was gathered to measure the impact of microfinance on women entrepreneurial growth in Pakistan. The main parameters of this research were the trend of the startup of the business, the limit of the amount of loan, and training of entrepreneurship. The one sample t-test and Pearson correlation statistical techniques were selected to analyze the data through SPSS. It is concluded that; about 80% women do not start a business, the credit limit is low that ranges from Rs2000 to 40000, there is dire need of Women Entrepreneurial Training (WET) an upsurge in the limit of loan that directly correlates with the growth of a female enterprise. Moreover, the establishment of the Women Entrepreneurial Cooperative Society (WECS) can address the low growth of women entrepreneurship issue effectively. The study was conducted during the months of October 2014 to February 2015. Research paper Keywords: Small Loan Borrowers; Women; Microfinance; Entrepreneurship; Women Entrepreneurial Cooperative Society Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Yousfani, K., Aslam, Y., Mahar, Q. & Kazi, H. (2019). The Impact of Microfinance on Growth of Women Entrepreneurship in Pakistan, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 7(1), 133–152

Grown up congenital heart disease patient presenting for non cardiac surgery: anaesthetic implications

Congenital heart disease patients surviving to adulthood have increased over the years due to various reasons. These patients are admitted in the hospital for non cardiac surgeries and other procedures more often than normal adult population. Management of grown up congenital heart disease patient presents a challenge during perioperative period for cardiologists, surgeons, intensivists and particularly for the anaesthetist. Management issues include psychological and physiological impact on the patient, complexity of defects, presence of previous palliative procedure, impact of anaesthetic agents on shunting and myocardium, endocarditis prophylaxis and associated extra cardiac anamolies

An Analytical Study of Standard Pashto Language

Linguistics has different branches; the most famous branch is called descriptive linguistics. Linguistics is an excellent branch of descriptive linguistics and it is a science that studies the sub-systems of a comprehensive system of a language. As you can see, every language has its own dialects, like other languages, Pashto has many dialects due to the presence of speakers in different regions. Dialect is a style of communication or a type of speech.  Dialect in English is called dialect, which is made from the Greek word (dialectos and dialectos means the way of speaking. The issue of standard language is a matter of cultural and social popularity, and all social popularity has economic and political roots. Standard dialect is called standard dialect in English; Therefore, if all dialects of a language are eliminated, one dialect is considered the standard dialect to be used, selected and accepted for speaking and daily writing in terms of social, tabriz, cultural and political status is called standard dialect. Pashto may have unity to some extent, but dialectic unity is less. In Kabul, some pen holders and a certain amount of official power holders mention the standard language, which has no oral existence, but only a written form; So, on this basis, one can say that until now, there is no public oral standard language understood in Pashtuns, which has become popular among the people from the point of view of its social popularity. In this writing we become familiar with other idioms beside standard dialect

U.S.-China Trade War: Phase One Agreement and Self-Enforcing Contracts

Sino-American bilateral trade relations have increased significantly in the past four decades since China started its economic reforms in 1978. The bilateral expansion in trade has been accompanied by increased complexity and tensions, which emerged in the form of a trade war during the President Trump administration. After a series of tit-for-tat tariff increases, in an attempt to address concerns through negotiations, both sides reached a Phase One agreement. However, the commitments made in the agreement were not delivered. In my thesis, I use the “self-enforcing contracts” theory to analyze the status of Phase One deal. The examination indicates that the agreement lacks components of self-enforcing contracts, providing players with other profitable strategies. The thesis digs deep into the causes of the U.S.-China trade imbalance as one of the main drivers of the trade war. It concludes that addressing the U.S. trade deficit with China needs structural policy changes and cannot be solved through arbitrary trade expansion commitments made in the Phase One agreement

On the ubiquity, properties and evolution of small-scale magnetic flux ropes in the heliosphere

The solar wind is a plasma constantly blowing out from the Sun with a large-scale magnetic field having significant local complexity at small scales. Small-scale magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs), plasma structures with twisted field lines, are an important element of this complexity. This dissertation contributes several studies that further our understanding of SMFRs. The first study applies machine learning to measurements from Wind labeled by the presence of SMFRs and magnetic clouds (MCs). MCs were distinguished from non-MFRs with an AUC of 94% and SMFRs with an AUC of 89% and had distinctive plasma properties, whereas SMFRs appeared to be nearly indistinguishable from the background solar wind after accounting for the 5 nT threshold applied by the original catalog of SMFRs detected using the automated GS-based algorithm. The second study presents an improved GS detection algorithm used to detect 512,152 SMFRs from 27 years of high-resolution Wind measurements. The SMFR filling factor (~ 35%) is found to be independent of solar activity, distance to the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), and solar wind plasma type after accounting for statistical biases. SMFR diameter is found to follow a log-normal distribution peaking below the resolved range. The third study applies the algorithm to data from Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, Wind, and Voyager 1 & 2 to detect events from 0.06 au to 10 au. The number of SMFRs with higher axial flux is found to increase significantly with distance from the Sun, suggesting that SMFRs evolve by stochastically merging to produce larger SMFRs. SMFRs were detected in large numbers with log-normally distributed axial flux as close to the Sun as 0.06 au, so it remains unclear whether SMFRs begin their journey as solar eruptions or are continuously generated within the corona and solar wind

Comparison of fentanyl and nalbuphine in total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA)

Objective: To compare Nalbuphine and fentanyl as total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol infusion in laproscopic cholecystectomy cases.STUDY Design: Double blind randomised.Methods: Changes in haemodynamic variables greater than twenty percent above or below the baseline and recovery profile were observed.Results: Blood pressure remained within 20% of baseline in either group. Nine patients in fentanyl and fifteen in nalbuphine group required an additional bolus of propofol intraoperatively. Heart rate response after tracheal intubation was significantly higher in the nalbuphine group (25%). No difference was observed in the incidence of nausea and vomiting in the recovery room. Twenty-seven percent patients in the nalbuphine group required analgesia in the recovery in comparison to 87% in the fentanyl group. Patients in the fentanyl group required analgesia earlier (37 minutes vs. 62 minutes).CONCLUSION: Fentanyl provided better intraoperative haemodynamic stability in comparison to nalbuphine when used as the analgesic component in total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol. The recovery profile with both drugs was similar. Lesser number of patients required analgesia in the recovery in the nalbuphine group

Modeling and Analysis for Surface roughness in Machining EN-31 steel using Response Surface Methodology

This paper utilizes the regression modeling in turning process of En-31 steel using response surface methodology (RSM) with factorial design of experiments. A first-order and second-order surface roughness predicting models were developed by using the experimental data and analysis of the relationship between the cutting conditions and response (surface roughness). In the development of predictive models, cutting parameters of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut, tool nose radius and concentration of lubricants were considered as model variables, surface roughness were considered as response variable. Further, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the influence of process parameters and their interaction during machining. From the analysis, it is observed that feed rate is the most significant factor on the surface roughness followed by cutting speed and depth of cut at 95% confidence level. Tool nose radius and concentration of lubricants seem to be statistically less significant at 95% confidence level. Furthermore, the interaction of cutting velocity/feed rate, cutting velocity/ nose radius and depth of cut/nose radius were found to be statistically significant on the surface finish because their p-values are smaller than 5%. The predicted surface roughness values of the samples have been found to lie close to that of the experimentally observed values

Data Mining Techniques in Telecommunication Company

Due to emerging of amalgam amount of data from variety sources, the data mining has become a hot trend in field of Computer Science. Data mining extracts useful pattern and information from huge amount of existing data with the help of machine learning algorithms that can be helpful in solving many sophisticated problems. Telecommunication companies also generates big amount of data from providing services to their customers, besides that telecommunication companies suffers from many problems like fraud, Customer churn and …etc. The generated amount of data from these companies can help them to address the solution for their problems such as Customer Churn. Customer churn indicates to the event when a customer stops using the service of a company and starts to use the service of another company. Churning of a Customer plays a vital role in having a sustainable business development for a telecommunication company since attracting new customers do not profit a company without retaining the old ones. Data mining can address the problem by predicting the occurrence of customer churn in Telecom Company, which helps the company to be proactive in this event and can have the chance to retain them before the churn occurs. In this study, I have chosen two open Telecom Churn data sets and have applied Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression and Decision Tree Machine Learning Algorithms on each data sets independently, which conclude my work to six experiments. I have used k-fold cross validation as validation technique during my experiments and confusion matrix for calculating the accuracy of each algorithm, the result of experiments will provide the accuracy of each algorithm in churn prediction for each data set. At the end we will have a general comparison table from all six experiments which will show the algorithms performance summary and will indicate which algorithm will outperform the others

The Cultural Codes of Pashto in Khushal Khan’s Poetry

Khushal Khan Khattak is a prolific writer, poet, politician, and community leader of Pashtun nation. He, as a leader, understood the spirit and soul of the Pashtuns at that time. So, his poems have all the cultural codes of the Pashtun nation. For example: Challenge, honor, masculinity, hospitality, shame, modesty, honesty, unity and love. A few hundred years ago, the cultural codes, which described in his poems, are almost still present in the Pashtun community. The main reason being the backwardness of the Pashtun nation and their society, is because the cultural codes change as society changes. The society of Pashtun nation does not chance until today. It has its old shape as two or three hundred year ago. There are a lot of codes that we can find in both, also in the poems of Khushal Khan Khatak and in the space of Pashtun nation. There are not the most of the codes in Western societies nowadays, because these codes that are often considered in Islamic countries

Prosecuting Piracy at the High Seas: the Experience of Malaysia

The development of the law on piracy under two major international treaties; the Geneva Convention, 1958 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 has witnessed great acceptance and application of the law with many coastal states have crafted specific anti-piracy law as a manifestation of their commitments to the international treaties. However, up until today, Malaysia has yet to come out with a single and unified statute against piracy despite being a member to both treaties. The law is scattered in a different set of documents and carried out by various agencies that are responsible to each respective law. It is argued that given this is the position in Malaysia, the prosecution of piracy would be a critical problem for the law enforcement. In this paper, we address this concern by looking at both Malaysian legal framework as well as the experience of the country against international piracy, particularly the case of Bunga Laurel. The findings suggest that there are more than twenty Acts that might be used against piracy. As a sovereign state under the international law, Malaysia also has the right to resort to principles of international law for the apprehension and prosecution of high sea pirates. To this effect, the case of Bunga Laurel has really manifested the successful application of Malaysian law by the High Court of Malaya against international piracy. The paper concludes that the absence of a single anti-piracy law is not necessarily an obstacle, but instead an advantage with great choice of law available for the prosecution in this country