TASK CONSTRAINTS MODIFY INTRISIC HEAD-TRUNK DYNAMICS DURING RUNNING AND SIDESTEPPING

The purpose of this study was to examine head movement control during running and sidestepping tasks. Fourteen collegiate male athletes performed running and sidestepping tasks. Sagittal and transverse head and trunk angles, vertical trunk displacement and head-trunk coordination were assessed during the flight and stance phases. The sidestepping task resulted in greater transverse and sagittal plane head and trunk range of motion. During stance, transverse plane head-trunk coordination was more in-phase, with reduced vertical trunk-sagittal head anti-phase coordination during sidestepping tasks. During sidestepping tasks, visual field reorientation required greater contributions from the head in the transverse plane, but with reduced sagittal plane compensation, reduced perceptual awareness may be observed, with negative implications on sport performance and injury risk

TRANSVERSE PLANE HEAD-TRUNK COORDINATION DURING ANTICIPATED AND UNANTICIPATED SIDESTEPPING TASKS

The purpose of this study was to examine head control during anticipated and unanticipated sidestepping tasks. Twelve collegiate male soccer players performed seven anticipated and seven unanticipated sidestepping tasks. Head and trunk orientation and coordination were assessed during the preparatory and stance phases of the change of direction stride. The head and trunk were less oriented toward the new travel direction with reduced planning time. During the change of direction stride, participants aligned the head with the new travel direction but the trunk lagged behind to a greater extent during the preparatory phase when planning time was reduced. No differences in head and trunk coordination patterns were reported during the stance phase. These different head and trunk orientation and coordination patterns may impact perceptual awareness and potential for injury

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

The Midwest Quarterly; Vol. 24 No. 4

in this issue. . . OUR SUMMER LITERARY NUMBER this year, under the acting editorship of Poetry Editor Michael Heffernan, is entirely devoted to contemporary American literature. Since two of our articles discuss works by Richard Hugo and John Gardner, both of whom died last fall, we would like to dedicate this issue to their memories. Requiescant. ALICIA OSTRIKER edited the Complete Poems of William Blake from Penguin (1978). A collection of her critical essays, Writing like a Woman, has just appeared in the Michigan series of Poets on Poetry. Her most recent book of poems is A Woman under the Surface (Princeton). She teaches at Rutgers. JONATHAN HOLDEN\u27s essay is from his book on Hugo, forthcoming from the Associated Faculty Press (Port Arthur, N.Y.). Indiana published his widely acclaimed The Rhetoric of the Contemporary Lyric in 1980. His new book of poems, Leverage, will be published this fall by the University of Virginia Press as the winner of the 1982 Associated Writing Programs award in poetry. Another book of his poems, Falling from Stardom, will also appear this fall from Carnegie-Mellon. He teaches at Kansas State. ROBERT A. MORACE teaches at Daemen College in Amherst, New York. He has published two books on Gardner. JUDITH A. SCHEFFLER teaches in the Department of Humanities and Communications at Drexel University in Philadelphia. ROBERT DANA\u27s interview with LAWRENCE FERLINGHETTI is from a book in preparation, Against the Grain: Interviews with Maverick American Publishers. He teaches at Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. J. V. BRUMMELS directs the Plains Writers\u27 Series and teaches at Wayne State College, Wayne, Nebraska. He lives on a farm with his wife, son, and horses near Winside, Nebraska. ALBERT GOLDBARTH, whose work has been appearing in MQ since the early 70s, has recently published Original Light: New and Selected Poems 1973-1983 with the Ontario Review Press. He teaches at the University of Texas (Austin) and will spend the next academic year as a Guggenheim Fellow. DONALD JUNKINS teaches in the creative writing program at the University of Massachusetts (Amherst). He recently served as poetry editor for the New American Review. CAROLANN RUSSELL is poet-in-residence at Tarkio College in Missouri. She has poems appearing or forthcoming in The Devil\u27s Millhopper, Ohio Review and Poet and Critic. JOHN STONE is a physician and professor of medicine (cardiology) at the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta. His latest book of poems, In All This Rain, was published by Louisiana State University Press in 1980. His 1982 commencement address to the Emory School of Medicine, written in free verse under the title Gaudeamus lgitur, was recently published by the Journal of the American Medical Association (1 April 1983). GREG KUZMA teaches at the University of Nebraska (Lincoln) and is publisher of the Best Cellar Press. In 1981 he received a grant in poetry from the National Endowment for the Arts. SAM HAMILL, poet and publisher (Copper Canyon Press, Port Townsend, Washington), received a Guggenheim Fellowship this year. His book of casual essays and reviews, At Home in the World, was published by Jawbone Press (Seattle) in 1981. ERIC PANKEY is a Teaching Writing Fellow at the University of Iowa. He will publish poems in early issues of The Kenyon Review and The Missouri Review. Photo credit: Georges Hoffman. Courtesy of New Directions Publishing Corp. Special thanks to Buzz Palmer for help with photography