Detection of human papillomavirus DNA sequences in oral lesions using polymerase chain reaction

The purpose of the present study was to estimate the frequency of HPV DNA in four groups of oral lesions, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. Sixty paraffin-embedded oral tissue samples were examined for the presence of HPV DNAs using the PCR technique. These specimens were obtained from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), leukoplakia, oral lichen planus (OLP), and pyogenic granuloma (PG). Consensus primers for L1 region (MY09 and MY11) and specific primers were used for detection of HPV DNA sequences in this study. we detected HPV DNA in 60% (9 out of 15) of OSCCs, 26.7% (4 out of 15) of leukoplakia, 13.3% (2 out of 15) of OLPs, and 6.7% (1 out of 15) of PGs. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of HPV in OSCC was significantly higher than other groups (P < 0.05). The frequency of HPV-16 and 18 detection in OSCC samples were 40% and 20%, respectively. The prevalence of these high risk HPVs was significantly higher in OSCC group (P < 0.05). The results of the present study show a successive increase of detection rate of HPV-16 and 18 DNAs from low level in samples of pyogenic granuloma and non-premalignant or questionably premalignant lesions of OLP to premalignant leukoplakia and to OSCC. © 2007 Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved

Isolation and typing of the influenza viruses in the Caspian littoral of Iran

Present study introduces results of common influenza virus strains in the north of Iran. Samples collected from 65 patients with acute respiratory illness by throat washing and swabs, randomly from north of Iran (Mazandaran, Golestan and Guilan provinces). The patients suffered from fever (high), cough, sore throat, general malaise, chill and myalgia. Viruses were isolated by cell culture and confirmed with HA (Hemagglutination) test and then typed by and HI (Hemagglutination Inhibition) test. Out of 65 throat samples, 12 influenza viruses were isolated and typed. Isolated viruses belonged to A (H1N1), A (H3N2) and B influenza viruses. This study showed that Influenza viruses displayed identical pattern to other provinces in Iran and to other countries. To fight against epidemics and pandemics, we should collect enough data about status of influenza each year and data of exact vaccine formulation application for use in different areas of the world. Acquired data has shown that the vaccine for above viruses that confirmed by WHO can result in decreased risks of influenza in at risk cases in provinces of north Iran

The effects of foreign aids on economic development of Afghanistan

The role of foreign aid in supporting economic development and its effectiveness in decreasing poverty in the developing countries have been an intense topic of debate in the development context. This dissertation focuses on the social economic costs related to foreign aid in Afghanistan. The aim is to suggest a series of actions and policies to make foreign aid programs more effective on economic development and governance in Afghanistan. The researcher applied quantitative research methods and employed secondary time series annual data for the period of 1960-2021. The study used. The study conducted the analysis of time series data through ADF to check Stationarity of each variable first and then Johansen co-integration tests to assess the long run relationship of foreign aid and GDP of Afghanistan. All analyses were carried out using econometric software package EView 10. The results of ADF tests showed that variables ODA and GDP of Afghanistan were stationary at first difference. The Johansen co-integration test authenticated that there is long-run relationship between foreign aid and GDP of Afghanistan. Based on the result of the OLS test, the result is statistically significant according to the p-value of 5%, and the existence of the long-run relationship between GDP and ODA is confirmed. The 1% change in net official development assistance leads to a 5.6% change in GDP

Isu peruntukan kepada pembangkang, kerajaan harus elak 'pilih kasih': Jayum

Peruntukan pembangunan wajar kepada semua kawasan dan semua rakyat bukan didasarkan kepada siapa pilih siapa dari parti yang menang

The Effect of Organizational Culture on Employee’s Performance and Productivity

The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of organizational culture on employee performance and productivity, analyze its impact on employee behavior, and explore its benefits for employees and customers. The primary research questions are: (1) What is the impact of organizational culture on employee performance and productivity? (2) What role does organizational culture play in influencing employee performance and productivity? (3) What benefits does organizational culture provide to employees and customers? The hypotheses are: (1) Organizational culture directly impacts employee performance and productivity. (2) Organizational culture plays a vital role in enhancing employee performance and productivity. (3) Organizational culture increases organizational performance, motivates employees to achieve organizational goals, and affects customer loyalty. The research employs a binary system approach and collects data from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was gathered through a survey of 50 questionnaires distributed to students at Jahan University. Secondary data was sourced from books, websites, and research papers. The findings indicate that organizational culture is practiced within the organization and is perceived as important for improving employee performance. This is supported by the statistically significant contributions of mission and involvement to employee performance. However, consistency and adaptability, while positively correlated with performance, were not statistically significant. The study concludes that not all cultural dimensions significantly contribute to employee performance, suggesting that other unexamined factors may also play a role

Effective Communication as a Tool for Achieving Organizational Goal and Objective

Effective communication is essential for providing users with the information needed to achieve specific goals. This study explores the impact of effective communication on organizational performance, focusing on efficiency and profitability. The primary research question investigates the overall influence of effective communication on organizational goals. Sub-questions examine its effects on organizational efficiency and profitability. The main hypothesis posits that effective communication enhances organizational goal attainment, while sub-hypotheses suggest it improves efficiency and profitability. Objectives include understanding the impact of effective communication on organizational goals, efficiency, and profitability. Using purposive sampling, the study involved 40 employees. Secondary data were gathered from previous journals and books. The findings indicate that effective communication contributes to organizational development by enhancing employee productivity through verbal communication, improving performance efficiency through visual communication, and facilitating quick and accurate daily activities. Furthermore, effective communication aids in providing superior customer service, increasing the effectiveness of information systems, and maximizing employee performance benefits within the organization

Antiviral effect assay of twenty five species of various medicinal plants families in Iran

Background: Medicinal plants have been traditionally used for different kinds of ailments including infectious diseases. There is an increasing need for substances with antiviral activity since the treatment of viral infections with the available antiviral drugs often leads to the problem of viral resistance. There is a need to search for new and more effective antiviral agents. Objective: therefore in the present study 20 plants with ethno-medical background from different families were screened for antiviral activity against HSV-1, Adenovirus type 5, Echovirus type 11, Measles virus and Rotavirus. Methods: Different parts of the plants collected from Iran were extracted with aqueous solvents to obtain crude extracts. These extracts were screened for their cytotoxicity against Vero, BSC-1, Hep-II and RD cell lines by assays micro-culture neutral red dye absorption and microscopically follow up for CPE. Antiviral properties of the plant extracts were determined by cytopathic effect inhibition assay and plaque reduction assay. Results: Three plants extract; Aristolochia maurorum, Terminalia chebula Retz. and Cichorium intybus L. exhibited significant antiviral activity against HSV-1 and adenovirus type 5 at a concentration non toxic to the cell lines used. The extracts of Aristolochia maurorum and Cichorium intybus L. showed great anti viral activity against HSV-1 and partial activity against adenovirus at higher concentrations. Conclusion: Some of the medicinal plants have shown antiviral activity. Further research is needed to elucidate the active constituents of these plants which may be useful in the development of new and effective antiviral agents

Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Mazandaran Province, Islamic Republic of Iran

We report the prevalence of human papillomavirus [HPV] types in 100 cervical biopsy specimens in Mazandaran province. HPV DNA was detected in 78.6% of cervical carcinoma cases, 64.3% of dys/ metaplasia and 9% of normal cases. Significant correlation was found between the presence of HPV DNA and development of cervical carcinoma. HPV types 16 and 18 were detected in 60.6% of HPV-positive cervical carcinoma cases, whereas HPV31 and 33 were found in 21.2%, and HPV6 and 11 in 18.2%. Among HPV-positive dys/metaplasia cases, 55.6% were positive for HPV16 and 18, 22.3% for HPV6 and 11, and 11.1% for HPV31 and 33. Only HPV6 and 11 were detected in 4 [100%] normal biopsy specimens.</jats:p