The human skeletal muscle in vivo : The use of microdialysis to study glucose metabolism and insulin resistance

The aim of this thesis was to further develop the microdialysis technique for studies of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle in vivo and to use this technique to explore the effect of exercise on muscle glucose metabolism and insulin action. The first two studies were conducted to explore the possibility of using a perfusion flow rate low enough to obtain complete equilibrium between the interstitial and perfusion fluids and if the colloid included in the perfusion fluid for this purpose affected the metabolite concentrations in the dialysate. The following three studies focus on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance by examining the extent to which insulin and/or the insulin-mimetic trace element vanadate added to the perfusion fluid exerted local effects on the glucose metabolism in healthy and in insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle, at rest and following a single bout of exercise. It was found that to obtain complete equilibration between the perfusion fluid and the interstitial fluid in human skeletal muscle, a perfusion flow rate as low as 0.16 µl/min is necessary with the presently used catheters (Study I). At these low perfusion flow rates a colloid needs to be included in the perfusion fluid in order to keep the fluid balance and in this thesis it was shown that the colloid dextran-70 does not affect the metabolite concentrations in the collected dialysates (Study II). A high cut-off microdialysis membrane can be used to infuse insulin into human skeletal muscle and to record its effect on metabolite concentrations (Study III). When the insulin-mimetic agent vanadate was infused into human skeletal muscle (Study IV), it was found to decrease the interstitial glucose concentration in a similar way as insulin, but in contrast to insulin, the effect of vanadate was not diminished in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle and was not affected by exercise (Study V). In insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle, the effect of insulin tended to be larger following a single 2-h bout of exercise than in resting muscle (-32 % versus -20%, p<0.09) (Study V). The insulin effect in resting muscle of healthy individuals was 30 % (Study III). In conclusion, the studies in the present thesis support the hypothesis that it will be possible in the future to measure insulin resistance in skeletal muscle with microdialysis and to use the technique to explore the effect on skeletal muscle of different therapeutic options in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. On this line, the present results indicate that a single bout of exercise normalizes the insulin effect on the interstitial glucose concentration in insulinresistant human skeletal muscle

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Bentuk Baku Pada Masyarakat Poleang Barat

conversmost of the errors that appear in a piece of writing or spoken speech are caused by the presence of language spelling problems, errors in interpretation, the use of non-standard words that do not match their function. The purpose of studying language learners' language errors is to identify elements of the target language that cause language learning difficulties and to find explanations about the causes of language difficulties that result in language errors. The method used to identify language errors in the West Poleang community is a qualitative descriptive method with a note-taking technique. Ation Spoken language errors made by language users include errors at the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic levels. Mistakes made unconsciously due to lack of understanding of the phoneme structure and morphemes of the language being used

Kesalahan Penggunaan Kata “TANYA” pada Kalimat Berita Masyarakat Penutur di Poleang Barat

Latar Belakang: Kurangnya keterampilan berbahasa menjadi salah satu hambatan dalam proses komunikasi. Wujud dari kurangnya keterampilan berbahasa itu antara lain disebabkan oleh kesalahan-kesalahan berbahasa. Tujuan: Untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk kesalahan berbahasa lisan yang sering dilakukan masyarakat penutur di Poleang Barat. Metode: Menggunakan metode simak dan teknik deskriptif kualitatif-preskriptif, yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan hasil temuan di lapangan dan memberi solusi atau pemecahan atas masalah yang terdapat dalam pemakaian bahasa Indonesia pada masyarakat penutur di Poleang Barat. Hasil: Kesalahan penggunaan kata “Tanya” pada kalimat langsung yang bertujuan menyampaikan atau melaporkan terjadi karena kerancuan berpikir oleh penutur yang memposisikan dirinya pada dua kondisi, satu kondisi sebagai penyampai berita, kondisi yang lain sebagai penggali berita. Kesalahan penggunaan kata “Tanya” karena kehadiran kedua pernyataan ini senantiasa beriringan. Kesimpulan: Kesalahan berbahasa terjadi karena ketidakmampuan penutur bahasa membedakan jenis kalimat berita dengan jenis kalimat tanya. Secara semantik, makna atau arti dalam bahasa kedua jenis kalimat tersebut bersinonim

Three-dimensional rendering of otolith growth using phase contrast synchrotron tomography

We present a three-dimensional computer reconstruction of a plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) otolith from data acquired by the Diamond Light synchrotron, beamline I12, X-ray source, a high energy (53 – 150 keV) source particularly well suited to the study of dense objects. Our data allowed non-destructive rendering of otolith structure, and for the first time allows examination of otolith annuli (internal ring structures) to be analysed in X-ray tomographic images

The Regional Expansion and The Legal Dimension of Regional Autonomy: A Study of Justice and Balance of Authority

Regional expansion in Indonesia is the division of an area into two or more regions.  The main objective of regional expansion is to improve the welfare of the community through enhanced public services, accelerated regional economic growth, and expedited management of regional potential.  This research aims to analyze the essence of regional expansion and its relation to regional autonomy, as well as regional expansion from the perspective of justice and the balance of authority.  This research is a normative legal study with a conceptual and legislative approach.  The research results show that the essence of regional expansion and its relation to regional autonomy as an effort to realize and optimize regional autonomy.  Regional expansion, when viewed from the aspect of justice, essentially emphasizes the fair and equitable distribution of resources, a transparent, accountable, and participatory decision-making process, effective and restorative conflict resolution, and the enhancement of equal opportunities for all members of the community.  In terms of the balance of authority, regional expansion can serve as one means to achieve a balance of authority, particularly in relation to efforts to strengthen decentralization within the framework of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesi

PENERAPAN IDENTITAS LOKAL PADA MEBEL KAYU MELALUI PELATIHAN DAN PENDAMPINGAN

Kelurahan Mannongkoki di kabupaten Takalar merupakan sentra industri mebel kayu lokal, namun kebanyakan produk mebel yang dibuat adalah mebel tradisional tanpa ukiran.Terdapat ratusan kelompok usaha mebel kayu, namun hanya dua unit usaha yang dapat membuat mebel ukir, oleh sebab itu kedua unit usaha mebel tersebut kesulitan dalam memenuhi perminataan pembeli terhadap mebel ukir. Permasalahannya adalah kekurangan tenaga utama pengukir kayu, sehingga jumlah produk yang dihasilkan sangat terbatas dan belum mampu memenuhi permintaan pembeli. Permasalahan lainnya adalah mebel ukir yang dibuat terkadang tidak sesuai dengan keinginan pembeli, sebab pembeli menginginkan mebel dengan ukiran baru. Oleh sebab itu, upaya pembinaan dan pelatihan mengukir untuk menambah tenaga pengukir yang dimiliki perlu dilakukan. Selain itu, perlu menawarkan ukiran baru bernuanasa lokal, agar mebel ukir yang dibuat dapat menarik minat pembeli dan sekaligus menampilkan identitas lokal dengan ukiran baru yang dikembangkan dari ikon budaya lokal khususnya di Kabupeten Takalar. Melalui PKM Perajin Mebel Mannongkoki dilakukan pelatihan dan pendampingan agar dapat menambah tenaga pengukir. Hasil PKM menunjukkan bahwa pada umumnya pemuda lokal dapat dilatih membuat dan mengeksplorasi ornament sesuai kreativitasnya, bahkan dapat menerapkan sebagai ukiran pada kayu, namun masih perlu kesungguhan dan komitmen agar dapat menekuni pekerjaan sebagai pengukir. Hasil PKM juga telah menambah tenaga pengukir menjadi 4 orang dan telah menerapkan ornament lokal sebagai salah satu alternatif produk yang dijual

Experimental investigation of auroral generator regions with conjugate Cluster and FAST data

Here and in the companion paper, Hamrin et al.&amp;nbsp;(2006), we present experimental evidence for the crossing of auroral generator regions, based on conjugate Cluster and FAST data. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation that concentrates on the evaluation of the power density, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;J&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, in auroral generator regions, by using in-situ measurements. The Cluster data we discuss were collected within the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer (PSBL), during a quiet magnetospheric interval, as judged from the geophysical indices, and several minutes before the onset of a small substorm, as indicated by the FAST data. Even at quiet times, the PSBL is an active location: electric fields are associated with plasma motion, caused by the dynamics of the plasma-sheet/lobe interface, while electrical currents are induced by pressure gradients. In the example we show, these ingredients do indeed sustain the conversion of mechanical energy into electromagnetic energy, as proved by the negative power density, &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;J&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;lt;0. The plasma characteristics in the vicinity of the generator regions indicate a complicated 3-D wavy structure of the plasma sheet boundary. Consistent with this structure, we suggest that at least part of the generated electromagnetic energy is carried away by Alfv&amp;#233;n waves, to be dissipated in the ionosphere, near the polar cap boundary. Such a scenario is supported by the FAST data, which show energetic electron precipitation conjugated with the generator regions crossed by Cluster. A careful examination of the conjunction timing contributes to the validation of the generator signatures