Zur Geschichte des „L'Osservatore Romano"

Im Zuge der italienischen Einigungsbestrebungen sah sich der Kirchenstaat amAnfang der sechziger Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts auf Rom und das Gebiet desheutigen Latium eingeschränkt. Mit der Eröffnung des italienischen Parlaments am18. Februar 1861 in Turin und der Proklamierung Viktor Emanuels zum Königvon Italien hatte die römische Frage - „ohne Rom als Hauptstadt Italiens kannsich Italien nicht konstituieren" (Cavour, Ministerpräsident Sardiniens, im März1861) - ihren Anfang genommen. (...)

Zur Geschichte des „L' Osservatore Romano" (II)

Unter Angelini erlebte das Blatt den ersten :Weltkrieg. Mit Beginn des Krieges hatteder "Osservatore Romano" auch zwei ausländischen Konsulaten in Rom in seinenSpalten Raum zur Verfügung gestellt: nämlich dem k. und k. österreichisch-ungarischen für die ,Kundmachung' (in Deutsch, Ungarisch und Italienisch), nach derdie allgemeine Mobilmachung von Seiner Majestät angeordnet wurde54, bzw. dem,Kaiserlich Deutschen Konsulat', das (in Deutsch) mitteilte, daß „Seine Majestätder Kaiser am 1. August die allgemeine Mobilmachung befohlen" habe und daß„alle dienstpflichtigen Reichsangehörigen hiermit zur sofortigen Rückkehr nachDeutschland aufgefordert" würden. (...)English„L'Osservatore Romano" was founded by private individuals on July 1, 1861, under the auspices of the ministry for interior of the Church-state. Till the foundation of the kingdom of ltaly (1870) the paper defended the secular souvereignty of the Pope and opposed any revolutionary attempt. After giving up the semi-official position held from 1873-1880 (subtitle: „Organ of the Catholic Organizations") the paper, during the time of Leo XIII, became more and more a paper of the Supreme Pontiff. After the Lateran Treaty (1929) the offices were transferred to the Vatican State. Published on neutral ground during the two World Wars, the paper concentrated on printing allround information on the procecdings of the war and the attempts of the Vatican diplomacy for peace. The semi-official status of „L'Osservatore Romano• is still today the reason for questioning its possibility of covering all the different movements and developments in the Catholic Church (forexample, reporting on Vatican II or Humanae Vitae).

Evaluation of the Descriptive Validity of Special Education Classification in Louisiana: Discriminant Analysis of Pupil Appraisal Records.

Records of 575 children evaluated for special education placement were analyzed to assess the descriptive validity of classification as practiced by Louisiana pupil appraisal teams. Classification categories, assigned by the assessment teams, included No Special Class, Learning Disability, Slow Learner, Mild Mentally Retarded, and Moderate Mentally Retarded. Results of discriminant analysis were evaluated in terms of the two attributes of descriptive validity, homogeneity and logical consistency of the categories. Clinical classification was judged satisfactory in homogeneity but unsatisfactory in logical consistency. within-groups homogeneity was demonstrated by significant differences among groups on seven variables summarized by the factors of Adaptive Behavior, IQ, Achievement, and Demographic Information. Classification accuracy, a quantitative estimate of homogeneity, was 65% agreement between clinical classification and group membership predicted from a statistical model of clinical classification. The comparison of clinical classifications with criteria mandated by the Louisiana guidelines for special education placement produced evidence of inadequate logical consistency. Overall agreement between clinical classification and classification by a computer program based on the guidelines (the Guideline Model) was almost 42%. The ELP criterion score ranges specified in the guidelines were frequently ignored by the assessors, possibly because the ELP measure lacked wide professional acceptance. Assessors also deviated from adaptive behavior and achievement guideline criteria. One serious shortcoming of clinical classification was the placement of over one-fifth of the retarded group without mandated evidence of inadequate adaptive behavior. In addition, clinical classification placed disproportionate numbers of black children in categories wth pejorative labels. Possible inadequacies in the Louisiana guidelines were identified by comparisons between Clinical, Guideline, and IQ Model classification schemes. First, classification of 75% of referred children as No Special Class would mainstream many children who would still require special help. Second, the use of ELP as a measure of learning potential did not completely eradicate demographic differences among groups, although this was its major purpose. Third, guideline classification accuracy was low for two of the four groups. Examination and discussion of clinical-guideline discrepancies was recommended. Dialogue among assessors in the field and guideline authors could improve both clinical assessment and the guidelines

Phenotyping progenies for complex architectural traits: a strategy for 1-year-old apple trees (Malus x domestica Borkh.)

International audienceThe aim of this study was to define a methodology for describing architectural traits in a quantitative way on tree descendants. Our strategy was to collect traits related to both tree structural organization, resulting from growth and branching, and tree form and then to select among these traits relevant descriptors on the basis of their genetic parameters. Because the complexity of tree architecture increases with tree age, we chose to describe the trees in the early stages of development. The study was carried out on a 1-year-old apple progeny derived from two parent cultivars with contrasted architecture. A large number of variables were collected at different positions and scales within the trees. Broad-sense heritability and genetic correlations were estimated and the within tree variability was analyzed for variables measured on long sylleptic axillary shoots (LSAS). These results were combined to select heritable and not correlated variables. Finally, the selection of variables proposed combines topological with geometric traits measured on both trunks and LSAS: (1) on the trunk, mean internode length, and number of sylleptic axillary shoots; (2) on axillary shoots, conicity, bending, and number of sylleptic axillary shoots born at order 3. The trees of the progeny were partitioned on the basis of these variables. The putative agronomic interest of the selected variables with respect to the subsequent tree development is discussed

Rapid prototype and test

In order to support advanced manufacturing, Sandia has acquired the capability to produce plastic prototypes using stereolithography. Currently, these prototypes are used mainly to verify part geometry and ``fit and form`` checks. This project investigates methods for rapidly testing these plastic prototypes, and inferring from prototype test data actual metal part performance and behavior. Performances examined include static load/stress response, and structural dynamic (modal) and vibration behavior. The integration of advanced non-contacting measurement techniques including scanning laser velocimetry, laser holography, and thermoelasticity into testing of these prototypes is described. Photoelastic properties of the epoxy prototypes to reveal full field stress/strain fields are also explored

Thick grating analysis of interferometrically produced waveguides

The thin grating decomposition method of thick grating analysis is used to analyze guiding effects in thick phase gratings having sinusoidal refractive index modulation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22042/1/0000460.pd

A virulence factor as a therapeutic: the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 arginine deiminase inhibits innate immune signaling pathways

The probiotic bacterial strain Enterococcus faecium SF68 has been shown to alleviate symptoms of intestinal inflammation in human clinical trials and animal feed supplementation studies. To identify factors involved in immunomodulatory effects on host cells, E. faecium SF68 and other commensal and clinical Enterococcus isolates were screened using intestinal epithelial cell lines harboring reporter fusions for NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) activation to determine the responses of host cell innate immune signaling pathways when challenged with bacterial protein and cell components. Cell-free, whole-cell lysates of E. faecium SF68 showed a reversible, inhibitory effect on both NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) signaling pathway activation in intestinal epithelial cells and abrogated the response to bacterial and other Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The inhibitory effect was species-specific, and was not observed for E. avium, E. gallinarum, or E. casseliflavus. Screening of protein fractions of E. faecium SF68 lysates yielded an active fraction containing a prominent protein identified as arginine deiminase (ADI). The E. faecium SF68 arcA gene encoding arginine deiminase was cloned and introduced into E. avium where it conferred the same NF-κB inhibitory effects on intestinal epithelial cells as seen for E. faecium SF68. Our results indicate that the arginine deiminase of E. faecium SF68 is responsible for inhibition of host cell NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) pathway activation, and is likely to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects observed in prior clinical human and animal trials. The implications for the use of this probiotic strain for preventive and therapeutic purposes are discussed

Widefield laser doppler velocimeter: development and theory.

The widefield laser Doppler velocimeter is a new measurement technique that significantly expands the functionality of a traditional scanning system. This new technique allows full-field velocity measurements without scanning, a drawback of traditional measurement techniques. This is particularly important for tests in which the sample is destroyed or the motion of the sample is non-repetitive. The goal of creating ''velocity movies'' was accomplished during the research, and this report describes the current functionality and operation of the system. The mathematical underpinnings and system setup are thoroughly described. Two prototype experiments are then presented to show the practical use of the current system. Details of the corresponding hardware used to collect the data and the associated software to analyze the data are presented

Late Quaternary vegetation and lake system dynamics in north-eastern Siberia: Implications for seasonal climate variability

© 2015 Elsevier LtdAlthough the climate development over the Holocene in the Northern Hemisphere is well known, palaeolimnological climate reconstructions reveal spatiotemporal variability in northern Eurasia. Here we present a multi-proxy study from north-eastern Siberia combining sediment geochemistry, and diatom and pollen data from lake-sediment cores covering the last 38,000 cal. years. Our results show major changes in pyrite content and fragilarioid diatom species distributions, indicating prolonged seasonal lake-ice cover between ∼13,500 and ∼8900 cal. years BP and possibly during the 8200 cal. years BP cold event. A pollen-based climate reconstruction generated a mean July temperature of 17.8 °C during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) between ∼8900 and ∼4500 cal. years BP. Naviculoid diatoms appear in the late Holocene indicating a shortening of the seasonal ice cover that continues today. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the applied terrestrial and aquatic indicators and natural seasonal climate dynamics in the Holocene. Planktonic diatoms show a strong response to changes in the lake ecosystem due to recent climate warming in the Anthropocene. We assess other palaeolimnological studies to infer the spatiotemporal pattern of the HTM and affirm that the timing of its onset, a difference of up to 3000 years from north to south, can be well explained by climatic teleconnections. The westerlies brought cold air to this part of Siberia until the Laurentide ice-sheet vanished 7000 years ago. The apparent delayed ending of the HTM in the central Siberian record can be ascribed to the exceedance of ecological thresholds trailing behind increases in winter temperatures and decreases in contrast in insolation between seasons during the mid to late Holocene as well as lacking differentiation between summer and winter trends in paleolimnological reconstructions