Regeneration in rhizostoma pulmo

The several experiments, of which tlhs paper presets a resume, were conducted during the early summer of 1903, at the Naples Zoölogical Station, while occupying the table of the Smithsonian Institution, for the courtesy of which it is a pleasure to express my obligations. The primary object of the experiments was to test the regenerative capacity of the Scyphomedusae and to institute certain comparisons between these results and those obtained by similar experiments previously made upon the Hydromedusae. So far as I am aware no similar experiments have been made upon the Scyphomedusae with the definite purpose of testing this particular aspect: of their physiological constitution. Romanes in his experiments upon "Primitive Nervous Systems", 85, has recorded incidentally the fact that certain mutilations of medusae are promptly healed, but gave no details. Eimer, '78, has also carried on similar experiments and with the Same general purpose of testing the character and distribution of nervous centers, but makes no reference to the matter of regeneration. And quite recently Uexküll, has likewise reviewed these experiments of Romanes and Eimer and carried them sornewhat farther than they had done. But while arrivirlg at somewhat different conclusions, drawn from a series of experiments in some features coincident with those to be described now, he makes no reference to any regenerative processes, devoting attentioti almost exclusively to the movements, specially those of rhytmic character, and seeking physical explanations of them. The earlier references of Haeckel to the capacity of larvae of certain medusae to regenerate entire organisms are likewise indefinite. Morgan in referring to the subject in his recent book on "Regeneration", merely remarks that among Scyphozoa "the jelly-fishes belonging to this group have a limited amount of regenerative power". I very much regret that an unusual scarcity of material compels me to leave several points somewhat less fully considered than is desirable, but I trust they are not of suffiicient gravity to seriously mar the general value of the results as a whole. In one respect this scarcity of material, making necessary successive experiments on the same specimen in many cases, proved fortunate rather than otherwise, since facts of importance were thus brought to light which might otherwise have been overlooked. Some of these will be referred to specifically in another connection

What Could Be Gained in Translation: Legal Language and Lawyer-Linguists in a Globalized World

Translation and interpretation have long played a vital role in many legal contexts, from providing equal rights to defendants to facilitating mutual understanding among the members of the United Nations. Legal language, though, is incredibly complex and even faithfully equivalent translations can fail to meet the high standards required for operation in international legal contexts, where a lack of understanding over a single term could mean the difference between a material and non-material breach in a treaty or transnational contract. Branches of linguistics, such as comparative legal linguistics and forensic linguistics, study the characteristics and functions of legal language across many tongues. As the globalization of our world continues, the opportunities for confusing and misunderstanding legal language increase. While a global legal language could, by some views, be the ultimate fix to such issues, the current state of international systems is poorly equipped to develop such a structure. The timing is simply not right at this point in the process of globalization. This note examines the current context and state of legal translation and similar areas of linguistic study and takes the view that, instead, the role of the lawyer-linguist professional and the technique of co-drafting should be maximized to facilitate better understanding among languages and legal systems

What Could Be Gained in Translation: Legal Language and Lawyer-Linguists in a Globalized World

Translation and interpretation have long played a vital role in many legal contexts, from providing equal rights to defendants to facilitating mutual understanding among the members of the United Nations. Legal language, though, is incredibly complex and even faithfully equivalent translations can fail to meet the high standards required for operation in international legal contexts, where a lack of understanding over a single term could mean the difference between a material and non-material breach in a treaty or transnational contract. Branches of linguistics, such as comparative legal linguistics and forensic linguistics, study the characteristics and functions of legal language across many tongues. As the globalization of our world continues, the opportunities for confusing and misunderstanding legal language increase. While a global legal language could, by some views, be the ultimate fix to such issues, the current state of international systems is poorly equipped to develop such a structure. The timing is simply not right at this point in the process of globalization. This note examines the current context and state of legal translation and similar areas of linguistic study and takes the view that, instead, the role of the lawyer-linguist professional and the technique of co-drafting should be maximized to facilitate better understanding among languages and legal systems

Alternative Episcopal Oversight and the Church of England: Historical Perspectives on Authority, Identity and the Anglican Realignment

This thesis will explore the historical roots of alternative episcopal oversight as it affects the Church of England in the form of Provincial Episcopal Visitors and the Anglican Realignment. This thesis will argue that these developments are the latest instalments in a cycle of conflict and adaption through which Anglicanism has consistently gone due to its non-specific and plural ecclesiology. That non-specific ecclesiology, containing both Protestant and Catholic elements as a result of the Reformation, has been able to shift its emphasis in response to circumstances, from national Protestantism, with high- and low-church elements, to a global Catholic sacramental communion as the 19th century gave way to the 20th. In the 20th century Anglican comprehensiveness, composed of Catholic and Reformed beliefs and practices balanced by latitudinarian tolerance, has broadened considerably with the inclusion of modernist theology grounded in contemporary experience. In a post-Christian and secular pluralist society, the breadth of belief and practice possible within that comprehensiveness has critically stretched the Catholic model of territorial bishops in sacramental communion both in England and the Anglican Communion. On human sexuality and women’s ministry the broadening of comprehensiveness has been further driven by a phenomenon this thesis will identify as social erastianism. This term describes the particular pressure felt by the Church of England as a national church to keep its doctrine and practice within the limits of what the post-Christian nation it represents considers acceptable. The crisis of comprehensiveness and the Anglican Realignment are challenging but not unprecedented. On the contrary, as this thesis will demonstrate, they stand within a historical Anglican tradition of using the full range of Protestant and Catholic elements contained within its ecclesiology to adapt itself to the developing circumstances of each age whilst maintaining a recognisably continuous Anglican identity

THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE GERM-CELL PROBLEM IN VERTEBRATES

(i) Morphological studies relating to the origin and differentiation of the definitive germ cells in vertebrates have, as indicated, resulted in conflicting views. In many instances two or more competent investigators who have studied the same form have reached different conclusions. (2) Some contend that the germ cells are set aside from the soma during the early stages of embryonic development, and that these alone serve as the progenitors of the functional sex cells. (3) Others recognize an early differentiation of sex cells but hold that these are supplemented by others produced from the somatic epithelium of the gonad in late embryonic or post-embryonic stages. (4) Another group recognizes the early differentiated cells as germ cells but contend that these all degenerate and that the definitive ones are formed from the germinal epithelium. These degenerating germ cells are believed by certain authors to be a phylogenetic recapitulation of the condition in lower forms. (5) Finally, yet another group contends that the so-called primordial germ cells are not germ cells at all but are enlarged cells in some stage of mitosis or in some specific metabolic phase. This group believes that all germ cells are derived from the somatic cells of the germinal epithelium. (6) Experimental work supports the view that the primordial germ cells, which are recognized early, are the progenitors of the definitive sex cells. When these primordial germ cells are prevented from reaching the site of the developing gonad the individual fails to develop sex cells, although a sterile gonad and its associated structures may develop. (7) I suggest that the observed proliferation of germ cells from the germinal epithelium, reported by numerous investigators, can be interpreted in another way by a thorough study of the enlarged germ cells in relation to the epithelium. It seems probable that the cells of the epithelium, which form functional sex elements, are not and never were a part of the mesothelial covering, but are cells which were segregated early, and are merely stored in the epithelium.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74677/1/j.1469-185X.1945.tb00313.x.pd

Lifelong testicular differentiation in Pleurodeles waltl (Amphibia, Caudata)

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Studies on germ cells. I. The history of the germ cells in insects with special reference to the Keimbahn-determinants. II. The origin and significance of the Keimbahn-determinants in animals

No Abstract.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50235/1/1050250302_ftp.pd

Experimental Inoculation of Juvenile Rhesus Macaques with Primate Enteric Caliciviruses

Tissue culture-adapted Tulane virus (TV), a GI.1 rhesus enteric calicivirus (ReCV), and a mixture of GII.2 and GII.4 human norovirus (NoV)-containing stool sample were used to intrastomacheally inoculate juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in order to evaluate infection caused by these viruses. METHODOLOGY & FINDINGS: Two of the three TV-inoculated macaques developed diarrhea, fever, virus-shedding in stools, inflammation of duodenum and 16-fold increase of TV-neutralizing (VN) serum antibodies but no vomiting or viremia. No VN-antibody responses could be detected against a GI.2 ReCV strain FT285, suggesting that TV and FT285 represent different ReCV serotypes. Both NoV-inoculated macaques remained asymptomatic but with demonstrable virus shedding in one animal. Examination of duodenum biopsies of the TV-inoculated macaques showed lymphocytic infiltration of the lamina propria and villous blunting. TV antigen-positive (TV+) cells were detected in the lamina propria. In most of the TV+ cells TV co-localized perinuclearly with calnexin--an endoplasmic reticulum protein. A few CD20+TV+ double-positive B cells were also identified in duodenum. To corroborate the authenticity of CD20+TV+ B cells, in vitro cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy macaques were inoculated with TV. Multicolor flow cytometry confirmed the presence of TV antigen-containing B cells of predominantly CD20+HLA-DR+ phenotype. A 2-log increase of viral RNA by 6 days post inoculation (p<0.05) suggested active TV replication in cultured lymphocytes.Taken together, our results show that ReCVs represent an alternative cell culture and animal model to study enteric calicivirus replication, pathogenesis and immunity

Communication of Retractions, Removals, and Expressions of Concern (CREC) Recommended Practice

Publications may be retracted or removed, or expressions of concern (EoCs) may be issued, for a broad range of reasons, including research misconduct and serious error. While retractions are valuable mechanisms by which to correct the scientific and scholarly record, correcting the record requires that these decisions be clearly communicated and broadly understood. Unclear and inconsistent representation of the retracted status of published works may ultimately contribute to continued uncritical use of these invalidated publications in the scholarly literature. The primary aim of this Recommended Practice is to establish best practices for metadata creation, transfer, and display for both the original publication and the statement of retraction, removal, or EoC, with the goal of facilitating the timely and efficient communication of information to all relevant stakeholders. Although retraction remains relatively rare, rates of retraction are increasing, and mass retractions have emerged. The need for best practices for metadata transfer and display has increased along with growth in retractions, removals (which are still rare and should be justified), and EoCs. It is crucial that researchers who discover a publication be able to identify the editorial status of the published item. It is therefore necessary that the identification of retracted items, removed content, and EoCs be effectively communicated to human researchers and that these same features be evident to machine-reading and other automated processes, as well as to other interested parties in the scholarly information workflow