Synthesis of IFN-β by Virus-Infected Chicken Embryo Cells Demonstrated with Specific Antisera and a New Bioassay

Transcripts of interferon-α(IFN-α) and IFN-β genes are present in virus-infected chicken cells, but because of a lack of appropriate assays and reagents, it was unclear if biologically active IFN-β is secreted. We have established a nonviral bioassay for the sensitive detection of chicken IFN (ChIFN). This assay is based on a quail cell line that carries a luciferase gene that is controlled by the IFN-responsive chicken Mx promoter. Luciferase activity was strongly stimulated when the indicator cells were incubated with ChIFN-α, ChIFN-β, or ChIFN-γ but not with chicken interleukin-1β (ChIL-1β). Unlike the classic antiviral assay that preferentially detects ChIFN-α, the Mx-luciferase assay detected ChIFN-α and ChIFN-β with similar sensitivity. With the help of this novel assay and with rabbit antisera specific for either IFN-α or IFN-β, we analyzed the composition of IFN in supernatants of virus-infected chicken embryo cells. Virtually all IFN produced in response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was IFN-α. However, IFN produced in response to influenza A or vaccinia virus (VV) was a mixture of usually more than 80% IFN-α and up to 20% IFN-β. Thus, IFN-α and IFN-β both contribute to the cytokine activity in supernatants of virus-infected chicken cells. Furthermore, the infecting virus appears to determine the IFN subtype composition

Bio-ethylene production: alternatives for green chemicals and polymers

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Layanan Bimbingan Pribadi Sosial untuk Mengembangkan Rasa Percaya Diri Peserta Didik Tunagrahita di SLB C Aditya Grahita Kota Bandung

Kurangnya rasa percaya diri dapat mengakibatkan terhambatnya kemandirian peserta didik di sekolah. Penangannya dapat dilakukan melalui pemberian layanan bimbingan pribadi sosial. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan rasa percaya diri peserta didik tunagrahita melalui layanan bimbingan pribadi sosial. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan reseach and development (R&D). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tiga tahap: pertama tahap pendahuluan; observasi ceklis untuk mengetahui kondisi objektif kepercayaan diri peserta didik tunagrahita; kedua tahap merumuskan layanan bimbingan pribadi sosial untuk mengembangkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik tunagrahita; ketiga tahap pelaksanaan layanan bimbingan pribadi sosial untuk mengembangkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik tunagrahita. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi objektif kepercayaan diri peserta didik tunagrahita yang kurang baik; antara lain: kurang minat menulis dan membaca, takut tampil di depan kelas, tidak berkonsentrasi waktu belajar. Pihak sekolah diharapkan mampu mengembangkan kepercayaan diri setiap peserta didiknya sesuai dengan kebutuhan peserta didik agar kepercayaan dirinya berkembang. Layanan bimbingan yang dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah layanan bimbingan pribadi sosial untuk mengembangkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik tunagrahita. layanan yang tersusun diharapakan dapat membantu mengembangkan kepercayaan diri peserta didik tunagrahita kearah yang lebih baik. Lack of confidence can lead to delays in the independence of learners at the school. Handling can be done through the provision of social services personal guidance. This research aims to develop self-confidence of learners tunagrahita through the personal guidance of social services. The method used in this study is a qualitative method approach reseach and development (R & D). This research was done in three stages: the first stage of introduction; observation questionnaire to determine the objective conditions tunagrahita confidence of learners; The second stage of formulating the personal guidance of social services to develop the confidence of learners tunagrahita; The third phase of the implementation of the personal guidance of social services to develop the confidence of learners tunagrahita. The study's findings indicate that the objective conditions tunagrahita confidence learners who are less well; among others: lack of interest in writing and reading, fear of performing in front of the class, do not concentrate on learning time. The school is expected to develop confidence in each student participants in accordance with the needs of learners so that his confidence growing. Guidance services are developed in this study is the personal guidance of social services to develop the confidence of learners tunagrahita. services arranged expected to help develop confidence learners toward better mental retardation

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PEMAHAMAN DENGAN KEMAMPUAN MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS IV SDN SE-GUGUS 3 IMOGIRI BANTUL

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : (1) Mengetahui kemampuan membaca pemahaman siswa; (2) Mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika; (3) Mengetahui hubungan antara membaca pemahaman dengan kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika siswa kelas IV SDN seGugus 3 Imogiri, Bantul. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai Juni 2015 semester genap tahun ajaran 2014/2015. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa kelas IV SD N Se-Gugus 3 Imogiri Bantul yang berjumlah 275 siswa dan sampel penelitian yang berjumlah 162 siswa diperoleh dari tabel krejcie dengan tingkat kesalahan 5% dan diambil dengan menggunakan teknik prposionate random sampling. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode tes dan dokumentasi. Kesahihan dan kepercayaan instrument penelitian ini diperoleh melalui uji validitas dan uji reabilitas yang dihitung menggunakan program SPSS 16 for windows. Sedangkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara membaca pemahaman dengan kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika dengan menggunakan analisis korelasi product moment. Hasil penelitian ini sebagai berikut: (1) Membaca pemahaman dalam kategori tinggi dengan presentase 41,98% sebanyak 68 siswa dengan nilai mean empiris 10,74 pada posisi rentang interval 8,75 < X ≤ 11,25. (2) Kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika dalam kategori tinggi dengan presentase 30,86% pada posisi rentang interval 23,33 < X ≤ 30,00. (3) Ada hubungan positif dan signifikan antara membaca pemahaman dengan kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika siswa Kelas IV SDN seGugus 3 Imogiri, Bantul, dengan diperoleh koefisien korelasi 0,474 dan p = 0,000 <0,05, artinya semakin tinggi membaca pemahaman siswa maka semakin tinggi pula kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika siswa. Sebaliknya semakin rendah membaca pemahaman siswa maka semakin rendah pula kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika siswa. Implementasi dari hasil penelitian dengan adanya hubungan antara membaca pemahaman dengan kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika siswa, maka dibutuhkan peran penting pihak sekolah dalam menumbuhkan kemampuan siswa dalam membaca pemahaman dalam upaya meningkatkan kemampuan menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika siswa

CRAFTING THE FEVER

The Hibiscus Snake is a collection of poetry investigating the female experience encountering danger. She explores psychic landscapes descended in the unconscious uncanny, the feminine body within the context of horror, and lyrical poems about living in working class communities in San Bernardino. The collection attempts to subvert the presentation of the female body in Horror genres, moving it from a position of victimization to empowerment. In other poems, the speaker ventures into horror-like psychic landscapes filled with images representing the anxiety experienced growing up in a city where danger is quite real. The protagonist risks these journeys to overcome her fear and achieve a transformation. The collection also contains elegies written in lyrical, free-verse form. I also explicate how I employ line breaks to exaggerate the multiplicity of lines, words and connotations. This collection works toward understanding and redefining the female experience and identity within a range of male dominated contexts and dangerous environments

Career Criminals Targeted: The Verdict Is In, California’s Three Strikes Law Proves Effective

Being sentenced to life in prison for stealing a few video tapes or stealing golf clubs? These are few of the stories that are emphasized when criticizing California’s Three Strikes law. Since its inception, California’s Three Strikes law has generated controversy. Aimed at incarcerating career criminals, it has been tagged as one of the toughest “tough on crime” statutes in the country. It has been over a decade since the law was passed and this article explores why – contrary to most of the other academic discussions of the law— it has been and continues to be effective in dealing with career criminals. There are three reasons why it is working: (1) The Three Strikes law is carrying out its goals by incapacitating career criminals and deterring crime. (2) The Three Strikes law has been implemented without substantially increasing state costs or overcrowding prisons. (3) The Three Strikes law has built-in safeguards that allow trial judges and prosecutors to exercise discretion to ensure that the law targets those who are career criminals

IFNα and IFNγ Impede Marek’s Disease Progression

Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes Marek’s disease, a malignant lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens. While MDV vaccines protect animals from clinical disease, they do not provide sterilizing immunity and allow field strains to circulate and evolve in vaccinated flocks. Therefore, there is a need for improved vaccines and for a better understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses against MDV infections. Interferons (IFNs) play important roles in the innate immune defenses against viruses and induce upregulation of a cellular antiviral state. In this report, we quantified the potent antiviral effect of IFNα and IFNγ against MDV infections in vitro. Moreover, we demonstrate that both cytokines can delay Marek’s disease onset and progression in vivo. Additionally, blocking of endogenous IFNα using a specific monoclonal antibody, in turn, accelerated disease. In summary, our data reveal the effects of IFNα and IFNγ on MDV infection and improve our understanding of innate immune responses against this oncogenic virus

Researching ‘with’ not ‘on’: Engaging Foundation GNVQ students in the research process - emerging themes from the study

This paper discusses practical and methodological issues arising from ongoing case study research exploring the hopes, aspirations and learning identity of 4 cohorts of GNVQ Foundation (level 1) students in 2 English General Further Education (FE) colleges. This paper focuses on work with the student participants in the study and poses a number of questions. How can young people be engaged with a research process? How can that process be meaningful to them in the context of their lives and experiences? How can the significant ethical issues involved with working with these students be addressed? Part of the thesis for this work has been the lack of value placed on students enrolled on Foundation level programmes. Therefore, it was important to demonstrate value for them throughout this process, and one way in which this was achieved was by engaging the young people with the research process as actively as possible. Working within a Social Justice theoretical framework, and specifically considering the notion of knowledge/power relationships the paper outlines the participative approach which was taken in the development of interview questions, informed by the ‘arenas of action and centres of choice’ described by Ball et. al (2000:148). Further, it explores the practical issues and ethical tensions which arose associated with respecting the young people and facilitating their involvement in the research process whilst working within the constraints placed by their level of experience and understanding, and discusses some of the unanticipated challenges that arose from this process. The paper concludes with a discussion of the way the research has evolved in response to these issues and of the ‘added value’ to the research which has arisen from the participants’ engagement with the process